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Australia ACORN-SAT series entire station audit

Australia ACORN-SAT temperature fraction audit


In March 2012, the Bureau of Meteorology introduced a new dataset called ACORN-SAT which supersedes the High Quality network established in 1996 (updated 2004) to estimate Australia's homogenised temperature trends since 1910.

This page presents an audit of temperature fractions over the entire history of all weather stations in the ACORN-SAT dataset, including recordings before 1910 and some dating back to the 1860s. The results are slightly different from the audit of precise timeframes beginning 1910 in the ACORN-SAT dataset.

Within the ACORN-SAT series of minimum and maximum temperature records at 112 locations comprising 201 Australian weather stations maintained by the BoM, 30% of all raw temperatures were logged as a whole .0 Fahrenheit degree before Celsius metrication on 1 September 1972 - including recordings from the 1800s.

This compares with 31.04% of all Australian temperatures recorded as .0 Fahrenheit before September 1972 in the High Quality temperature series and 25.5% in New Zealand's Seven Station series. The correct proportion should be around 10%.

Within the ACORN-SAT weather station records, 17.8% of all raw temperatures were logged as a whole .0 Celsius degree since Celsius metrication on 1 September 1972 to 31 December 2011.

This compares with 19.47% of all Australian temperatures recorded as .0 Celsius since September 1972 in the High Quality temperature series and 13.2% in New Zealand's Seven Station series. The correct proportion should be around 10%.

Combined, Australia's ACORN-SAT and High Quality series totalled 30.7% of 4,897,826 Fahrenheit temperatures recorded as .0F from the 1800s to September 1972 and 19.1% of 5,274,002 Celsius temperatures recorded as .0C since 1 September 1972.


ACORN-SAT temperature series

The Australian Climate Observations Reference Network – Surface Air Temperature (ACORN- SAT) dataset is a long-term record of Australian daily air temperature, covering the period from 1910 to the present at 112 locations comprising 201 weather stations.

The ACORN-SAT dataset estimates that for temperatures across 1911-2010, Australia's annual maximum increased 0.75C, its annual minimum by 1.14C and its annual mean by 0.94C.

The raw temperature source of the ACORN-SAT dataset audited in this presentation includes 3,896,815 minimum and maximum Fahrenheit temperatures recorded at 138 weather stations from the 1800s to September 1972 and 3,371,271 minimum and maximum Celsius temperatures recorded at 195 weather stations from 1 September 1972 to 31 December 2011, totalling 7,268,086 temperature recordings.


Fahrenheit .0 rounding before September 1972

In the Fahrenheit era from the 1800s to September 1972, 30% of all temperatures recorded at the 138 relevant weather stations were logged as .0F degrees (rather than a tenth fraction such as .3 or .8).

The combined 30.9% of temperatures recorded as .9F and .1F infers an actual .0F ratio above 40%.


australia acorn-sat temperature fractions


A breakdown of this data shows that 29.1% of all Fahrenheit maxima recorded from the 1800s to September 1972 were rounded to .0F and 30.9% of all minima were rounded to .0F. As in the BoM High Quality temperature series, there is a greater proportion of minima recorded as .0F than maxima.


australia maximum temperature roundings


The proportions of total converted Celsius fractions recorded at all 138 weather stations from the 1800s to 1 September 1972 were:


australia temperature fractions



Celsius .0 rounding after 1 September 1972

In the Celsius era from 1 September 1972 to 31 December 2011, 17.8% of all temperatures recorded at all 195 relevant weather stations within the ACORN-SAT dataset were recorded as .0C degrees.

This compares with 19.5% of all Australian temperatures recorded as .0 Celsius since September 1972 in the High Quality temperature series. The correct proportion should be around 10%.


australia acorn celsius fractions


A breakdown of this data shows that 17.4% of all Celsius maxima recorded since September 1972 were rounded to .0C and 18.2% of all minima were rounded to .0C. As with Fahrenheit fractional distribution, this shows a slight tendency for more minima than maxima to be rounded to .0.


australian celsius temperature fractions


Among the 390 minimum and maximum Celsius temperature recordings at 195 ACORN-SAT weather stations, 225 have blocks of at least 10 consecutive daily .0C and .5C recordings in different months and years, all since 1 September 1972. Some of these consecutive blocks extend over months or years and contribute to the high .0C and above average .5C proportions in the Celsius era.


Below are the percentages of minimum and maximum whole .0 Fahrenheit recordings from the 1800s to 1972 and whole .0 Celsius recordings since 1972 at each of the 201 weather stations in the ACORN-SAT dataset

Click temperatures for tenth fractional charts in Fahrenheit or Celsius


Station Minima .0F %
before 1972		 Maxima .0F %
before 1972		 Minima .0C %
after 1972		 Maxima .0C %
after 1972
Kalumburu 1019 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 41% 40.8%
Kalumburu Mission 1021 20.6% 22.6% 18.1% 18.3%
Old Halls Creek 2011 27.9% 26.5% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Halls Creek Airport 2012 21.5% 17.2% 12.2% 11.9%
Halls Creek Comparison 2071 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.6% 12.2%
Broome Post Office 3002 31.8% 28.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Broome Airport 3003 18.6% 16.1% 12.2% 10.7%
Broome Comparison 3089 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 8.9% 10.1%
Port Hedland Post Office 4002 40.3% 37.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Marble Bar Comparison 4020 39% 34.5% 19.9% 20.6%
Port Hedland Airport 4032 15.5% 13.7% 11.7% 10.8%
Port Hedland Comparison 4104 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 14.6% 13.8%
Marble Bar 4106 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 28.5% 27.8%
Learmonth Airport 5007 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.4% 11.4%
Wittenoom 5026 41.9% 39% 14.2% 14%
Carnarvon Airport 6011 17.3% 15.6% 12.1% 11.9%
Carnarvon Post Office 6062 29.7% 25.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Meekatharra Airport 7045 17.8% 16% 11.5% 11.2%
Meekatharra Post Office 7046 42.8% 38.3 Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Meekathara Comparison 7204 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.5% 9.4%
Dalwallinu Comparison 8039 33.6% 28.5% 17.2% 18.8%
Geraldton Town 8050 27.8% 26.5% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Geraldton Airport Comparison 8051 17.7% 14.9% 13% 11.7%
Morawa Post Office 8093 51.9% 51.6% 18.3% 16.7%
Morawa Airport 8296 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 45.9% 45.6%
Perth Airport 9021 16.1% 13.2% 11.7% 10.7%
Perth Regional Office 9034 17.2% 13.7% 12.7% 11%
Perth Airport Comparison 9250 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 25% 25%
Albany 9500 30.4% 29.1% 17.9% 18.4%
Bridgetown Comparison 9510 30.7% 31% 19.2% 18.6%
Cape Leeuwin 9518 36.8% 34.5% 31.2% 29.8%
Esperance Post Office 9541 30.7% 28.3% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Albany Airport 9741 20.3% 16.6% 12.4% 11.1%
Esperance 9789 16.2% 14.9% 13.8% 11.5%
Cunderdin 10035 25.9% 22.5% 19.7% 22.1%
Merredin 10092 27.4% 26.5% 12% 15.6%
Merredin Research Station 10093 17.6% 15.5% 17% 16.3%
Cunderdin Airfield 10286 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.4% 10.2%
Katanning Comparison 10579 34.2% 32% 31.4% 22.5%
Wandering Comparison 10648 36.8% 36% 18% 23.6%
Wandering 10917 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 37% 36.2%
Eucla 11003 46.5% 45.9% 17% 16.7%
Forrest Aero 11004 15.8% 13.9% 14.4% 12.2%
Forrest 11052 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 21% 9.9%
Kalgoorlie-Boulder Airport 12038 17.9% 16.4% 11.7% 12.1%
Kalgoorlie Post Office 12039 22.8% 22.8% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Giles Meteorological Office 13017 16.8% 14.3% 11.7% 11.3%
Darwin Airport 14015 15.1% 13.7% 12.3% 11.6%
Darwin Post Office 14016 18.9% 20.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Darwin Airport Comparison 14040 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.5% 10%
Victoria River Downs 14825 28% 21.7% 19.5% 20.3%
Tennant Creek Post Office 15087 37% 35.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Tennant Creek Airport 15135 14.9% 13.2% 12.3% 12.1%
Alice Springs Post Office 15540 38.4% 36.1% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Rabbit Flat 15548 17% 11.9% 19.4% 14.8%
Alice Springs Airport 15590 16.8% 14.8% 11.8% 11.6%
Rabbit Flat 15666 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.4% 11.3%
Woomera 16001 15.9% 14.4% 13.2% 13.1%
Tarcoola 16044 32.6% 34% 15.5% 17.2%
Tarcoola Aero 16098 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 26.1% 27.7%
Marree (Farina) 17024 38.5% 37.6% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Marree Comparison 17031 35.7% 32.4% 10.6% 11.3%
Oodnadatta Airport 17043 14.3% 14.8% 11.6% 11.6%
Oodnadatta 17114 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 40.8% 34.9%
Ceduna Post Office 18011 50.4% 50.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Ceduna AMO 18012 18.3% 15% 13.9% 12.2%
Kyancutta 18044 21.4% 17.2% 16.9% 15%
Port Lincoln 18070 37.3% 37.3% 21.8% 19.9%
Port Lincoln AWS 18192 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.1% 10%
Snowtown 21046 45.4% 42.4% 13.2% 14.9%
Rayville Park 21133 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 44.2% 44%
Cape Borda Comparison 22801 39.2% 32.8% 23.9% 20.3%
Cape Borda 22823 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 23.9% 24.1%
West Terrace 23000 11.9% 10% 16.1% 14.2%
Kent Town 23090 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.7% 12.1%
Nuriootpa Comparison 23321 16.4% 14% 14.8% 16.6%
Nuriootpa Viticultural 23373 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 23.4% 24.8%
Mt Gambier Post Office 26020 16.5% 23.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Mount Gambier Aero 26021 15.2% 12.6% 13.1% 11.7%
Robe Comparison 26026 30.3% 26.6% 20% 20.2%
Thursday Island Township 27021 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 16% 17.5%
Thursday Island MO 27022 12.1% 13.9% 13.5% 12.8%
Weipa Eastern Avenue 27042 29.9% 32.7% 17.3% 18.6%
Weipa Aero 27045 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.4% 10.8%
Horn Island 27058 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.1% 10.8%
Palmerville 28004 45.9% 41.8% 47.2% 49.8%
Burketown Post Office 29004 32.5% 30.8% 21.5% 19.7%
Normanton Post Office 29041 49.8% 49.2% 18.8% 14.3%
Normanton Airport 29063 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.9% 9.3%
Burketown Airport 29077 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 24.6% 24.3%
Georgetown Post Office 30018 45.5% 40.2% 25.6% 26.5%
Richmond Post Office 30045 33.4% 30.6% 22.5% 22.3%
Georgetown Airport 30124 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.4% 10.6%
Cairns Post Office 31010 27.2% 24.3% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Cairns Airport 31011 15.2% 13.5% 12.5% 12.3%
Townsville 32040 14.8% 13% 12% 11.1%
Townsville Aero Comparison 32178 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 13.3% 13.1%
Mackay Post Office 33046 33.7% 26.5% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Te Kowai 33047 27.6% 23.9% 36.2% 37%
Mackay MO 33119 15.7% 12.4% 12.1% 11.9%
Mackay Comparison 33297 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 17.2% 13.7%
Charters Towers Post Office 34002 31.2% 30.2% 20.9% 19%
Charters Towers Airport 34084 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 19.1% 19.1%
Barcaldine 36007 19.4% 16.8% 13.7% 16.4%
Longreach Post Office 36030 38.2% 34.1% 39.9% 30.9%
Longreach Airport 36031 20.5% 15.9% 13.7% 12.7%
Longreach Comparison 36167 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 15.9% 10.7%
Camooweal 37010 38.2% 38.4% 28.4% 28%
Birdsville Police Station 38002 47.6% 54.1% 23.5% 22.2%
Boulia 38003 26.6% 26.7% 20.3% 23.3%
Birdsville 38026 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 17.6% 16.7%
Bundaberg Post Office 39015 28.6% 26.4% 20.7% 20%
Gayndah Post Office 39039 29.2% 28.2% 18.2% 16.5%
Gayndah Airport 39066 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.4% 9.5%
Rockhampton Airport 39083 15.8% 14.9% 12.2% 13.4%
Bundaberg 39128 18.1% 15.8% 12.5% 12.9%
Amberley 40004 17.1% 14.4% 12.2% 11.4%
Cape Moreton 40043 43.8% 35.1% 16% 12.9%
Brisbane Airport old 40223 16.4% 15.2% 12% 11.8%
Brisbane Airport 40842 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.9% 9.7%
Amberley Aero Comparison 40910 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 14.1% 15%
Miles Post Office 42023 31.8% 32.9% 15.8% 13.4%
Miles Constance Street 42112 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 47% 48%
St George Post Office 43034 35.9% 35% 20.6% 18.7%
St George 43109 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.3% 10.8%
Charleville Airport 44021 14.6% 13.4% 11.8% 10.1%
Charleville Post Office 44022 32.2% 28.8% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Charleville Aero Comparison 44221 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.4% 8.7%
Thargomindah Post Office 45017 41.9% 43% 28.6% 29.9%
Thargomindah 45025 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.1% 11.4%
Tibooburra 46037 49.2% 49.6% 16.2% 12.6%
Wilcannia 46043 54.4% 53.4% 17.6% 13.6%
Bourke Post Office 48013 47.4% 46% 35.1% 28.3%
Cobar MO 48027 15.9% 14.3% 11.4% 11.6%
Cobar Post Office 48030 50.9% 52.3% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Bourke Airport 48239 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.9% 11.1%
Cobar Comparison 48244 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 8.9% 11.7%
Bourke AWS 48245 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 40.3% 36.2%
Walgett Council 52026 46.7% 45.7% 24.7% 25.3%
Walgett AWS 52088 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 42.8% 42.4%
Moree Post Office 53027 54.8% 55.4% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Moree Comparison 53048 15.9% 12.4% 11.7% 11.7%
Moree Aero 53115 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.2% 9.7%
Gunnedah 55024 17.9% 16.7% 10.7% 10%
Inverell Comparison 56017 44.7% 44.1% 20.4% 12.2%
Inverell Raglan Street 56242 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.5% 10.5%
Yamba 58012 27.3% 26.4% 21% 16.2%
Coffs Harbour 59040 15.1% 14.1% 11.9% 11.9%
Port Macquarie 60026 46.3% 43.8% 26.8% 26.2%
Port Macquarie Airport 60139 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 17.6% 17.6%
Williamtown 61078 18.8% 16.9% 12.2% 13.5%
Scone SCS 61089 17.1% 15.5% 14.4% 18.1%
Scone 61363 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.5% 10.7%
Bathurst Agricultural Station 63005 21% 20.1% 23.4% 21.9%
Bathurst Ag Comparison 63305 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 26.9% 20.6%
Dubbo Darling St 65012 47.7% 45.6% 15.8% 13.4%
Dubbo Airport 65070 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.3% 10.3%
Sydney 66062 12.3% 14.7% 10.9% 10.6%
Richmond RAAF Old 67033 18% 16.8% 14.5% 13.7%
Richmond RAAF New 67105 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 29.1% 27.8%
Point Perpendicular Lighhouse 68034 50.9% 50.3% 22.4% 19%
Nowra 68072 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.5% 12.2%
Nowra RAN Air Station 68076 15.6% 15.3% 20.8% 19%
Point Perpendicular AWS 68151 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 29.6% 29%
Moruya Heads 69018 43.9% 44.9% 21% 23.1%
Canberra Airport Comparison 70014 16.5% 13.9% 12.3% 12.2%
Canberra Aero Comparison 70338 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 11.4% 13.1%
Canberra 70351 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 8.3% 10.4%
Wagga AMO 72150 16.6% 14% 13.2% 11.6%
Wagga Kooringal 72151 45.5% 41.2% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Cabramurra 72161 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 48.1% 48.3%
Wyalong 73054 37.4% 36.2% 21% 18.2%
Deniliquin Wilkington St 74128 43.6% 39.2% 13.7% 10.4%
Deniliquin 74258 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 46.1% 44.8%
Mildura Airport 76031 18.6% 14.4% 13.7% 12.4%
Mildura Post Office 76077 48% 48% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Nhill 78015 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.7% 10.2%
Nhill 78031 45.1% 42.1% 25.7% 21.6%
Kerang Post Office 80023 30.5% 29.6% 16.9% 16.9%
Rutherglen Reserve 82039 25.6% 24.9% 23.8% 21.2%
Gabo Island 84016 47.7% 45.1% 23.3% 19%
Orbost (Comparison) 84030 28.3% 29.2% 13.4% 12%
Orbost 84145 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 30.8% 30.4%
East Sale Airport 85072 16.4% 16.1% 12.2% 11.5%
Wilsons Promontory 85096 49.3% 51.5% 25.5% 23.4%
East Sale Comparison 85298 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 14.5% 13.8%
Melbourne Regional Office 86071 14.6% 13.7% 11.7% 11.1%
Laverton RAAF 87031 17.1% 14.6% 22.9% 22.2%
Cape Otway Lighthouse 90015 50.6% 48% 36.6% 37.1%
Launceston Pump Stn 91049 26.6% 23.6% Closed before 1972 Closed before 1972
Low Head Comparison 91057 33.4% 33.9% 40.5% 34%
Launceston Airport Comparison 91104 18.7% 16.3% 13.8% 12.8%
Low Head 91293 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10.2% 9.8%
Launceston 91311 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 9.5% 9.6%
Eddystone Point 92045 49.4% 48% 36.5% 33.5%
Cape Bruny Lighthouse 94010 50.3% 49.6% 23.4% 21.7%
Hobart (Ellerslie Road) 94029 21% 18.3% 13.1% 12%
Grove (Comparison) 94069 27.9% 27% 14.3% 13%
Grove 94220 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 10% 10.2%
Butlers Gorge 96003 41.5% 44.7% 35.3% 37.2%
Lake St Clair National Park 96071 Opened after 1972 Opened after 1972 23.7% 24.5%


ACORN-SAT AND High Quality temperature series combined

When all weather stations including preceding and neighbouring sites in the ACORN-SAT series are combined with all in the High Quality series, the 312 sites together had 30.7% of Fahrenheit temperatures recorded as .0F before September 1972 - see chart.

Combined, all ACORN-SAT and HQ stations together had 19.1% of Celsius temperatures recorded as .0C since September 1972 - see chart.

All ACORN-SAT and HQ weather stations combined had 4,897,826 recordings of Fahrenheit temperatures from the 1800s to September 1972 and 5,274,002 recordings of Celsius temperatures after September 1972, totalling 10,171,828 recordings.


The full results for this audit of the ACORN-SAT temperature dataset are within:

Note: This audit of Australian weather station temperature records was possible due to the Excel programming skills of former ABS statistician Ian Hill and chemical engineer Ed Thurstan.



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Australia
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Western Australia
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