ACORN 2.2 influence on Australian temperature trendsNew South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia
ACORN is the Australian Climate Observation Reference Network of 112 weather stations across Australia, 104 of which the BoM uses to estimate national/state/territory monthly and annual temperatures since 1910. The rewritten ACORN 2 dataset of 2018 updated the ACORN 1 dataset released in 2011, and immediately increased Australia's per decade rate of mean temperature warming by 23%. ACORN 2.2 introduces new or reassessed adjustments at 25 of the 112 ACORN stations and in its Long term temperature record, the BoM states that Analysis has shown the newly applied adjustments in ACORN-SAT version 2.2 have not altered the estimated long-term warming trend in Australia. ACORN 2.2 anomalies are 0.001C cooler than ACORN 2.1 since 1980. However, when ACORN 2.2 absolute daily temperatures are measured, rather than anomalies, it is apparent that ACORN 2.2 has added 0.08C to average maxima warming and 0.11C to average minima warming from 1910-1919 to 2010-2019 at the 104 non-urban ACORN stations used by the BoM to calculate Australia's national temperature trends.
104 ACORN v2.1 and 2.2 stations maxima Excel spreadsheets
104 ACORN v2.1 and 2.2 stations minima Excel spreadsheets The maximum temperature warming increase of 0.08C and minimum temperature increase of 0.11C from 1910-1919 to 2011-2020 equates to ACORN 2.2 increasing Australia's mean temperature warming by 0.095C compared to ACORN 2.1, and it is worth noting that 0.095C is 17% of Australia's 2021 mean temperature anomaly (1961-90) of +0.56C measured by ACORN 2.2. ACORN 2.1 maxima averaged 24.83C in 1910-1939 and ACORN 2.2 averaged 24.75C, a cooling of 0.08C. ACORN 2.1 minima averaged 12.54C in 1910-1939 and ACORN 2.2 averaged 12.44C, a cooling of 0.10C. ACORN 2.2 anomalies, which show the difference to 1961-90 averages, show the maximum anomaly averaging -0.400C in 1910-1919 and +1.167C in 2011-2020, suggesting 1.567C warming of maxima between those periods. ACORN 2.2 anomalies show minimum averages at -0.527C in 1910-1919 and +0.675C in 2011-2020, suggesting 1.202C warming of minima between those periods. The graphics below help to illustrate the timing and amount of difference between ACORN 2.1 and ACORN 2.2 absolute average annual temperatures at the 104 non-urban ACORN stations within the timeline of 1910 to 2019 :
Although ACORN 2.2 makes little difference to ACORN 2.1 anomalies when compared to 1961-90 averages, it is worth noting the historic cooling and modern warming trends since the original ACORN 1 homogenised dataset in 2011 adjusted temperatures from 1910 to 2017 :
The ACORN updates from version 1 to version 2.2 have added 0.228C mean temperature warming if comparing 1910-1919 with 2010-2017. ACORN 2.2 The ACORN 2.2 update in December 2021 provided new or reassessed adjustments at 25 of the 112 ACORN locations around Australia, with two because of site moves (Adelaide, Sydney), 20 because of non-climatological anomalies (all possibly vegetation growth or urban development in the surrounding environment) and four having ACORN 2.1 estimates reassessed because of surrounding vegetation growth and urban development (see ACORN FAQ, question 24). At several of the 25 weather stations where the BoM claims there is NIL adjustments by ACORN 2.2 to either maximum or minimum temperatures, there have been adjustments - mostly small but contributing to ACORN 2.2's 0.095C increase in Australia's mean temperature since 1910-1919. Where historic minima or maxima have been warmed in ACORN 2.2, all prior to 2017, 2016 or 2015, the counterintuitive result is often an increase in the station's rate of warming since its first observations as a result of how the warming adjustments are distributed. For example, ACORN 2.2 warms the maximum temperature at Scone prior to 2016 by +0.29C, possibly due to surrounding vegetation growth and/or urban development, but there is no warming prior to 1993. ACORN 2.2 warms the site's recent temperatures but makes no adjustments to historic temperatures and, as a result, ACORN 2.2 produces 0.18C more warming at Scone than ACORN 2.1 since the station's first decade of observations in 1965-1974. A notable feature of ACORN is its uneven distribution of climate warming following adjustments to counter any artificial influences. Such anomalies suggest errors in methodology rather than the climate changing at a different rate in different locations over 110 years. For example: Miscalculations ACORN algorithms adjust each individual day/night temperature mathematically, causing miscalculations such as ...
Extraneous factors influencing temperature trends at all weather stations include increasing urban heat, 1972 metrication ending temperature rounding to .0F, and automatic weather stations installed since the 1990s with one second temperature readings (see Was Glasgow worth if for Australia?). Analysis This page analyses the daily temperatures at Australia's 58 ACORN weather stations with a start year of 1910. The other 54 excluded ACORN stations have temperature recordings starting after the year 1910, the most recent being Learmonth with a start year of 1975. Analysis of all 112 stations can be found via the state/territory links at the top of this page. Daily temperatures in ACORN 2.2 and RAW have been annualised, and charts on this page show the difference between the homogenised ACORN dataset when compared to original raw annual temperatures. This analysis only allows the inclusion of years within which there were no months with less than 15 days of recorded temperatures, in accordance with ACORN protocols. 58 stations begin in 1910 and end in 2020 within ACORN 2.2 and RAW, and the national charts below show averaged maximum and minimum temperature trends at all these stations with associated data. Comparing maximum in the averaged first half of the record (1910-1964) with the averaged second half (1965-2020) at the 58 stations analysed below, ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.56C and RAW warmed 0.38C. Comparing minimum in the averaged first half of the record (1910-1964) with the averaged second half (1965-2020) at the 58 stations analysed below, ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.78C and RAW warmed 0.42C. In decadal terms from 1910-1919 to 2011-2020, Australia's mean temperature increased 1.21C in ACORN 2.2 and 0.81C in unadjusted RAW.
1910-1964 - ACORN 2.2 24.72C / raw 24.93C 1965-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.28C / raw 25.31C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.56C / raw warmed 0.38C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.091C / raw 0.076C 58 Australian stations 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.73C / raw 25.75C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 24.92C / raw 24.98C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding - ACORN 2.2 18.60% / raw 58.41% Post 1972 .0 C rounding - ACORN 2.2 11.87% / raw 16.38% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 24.76C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.97C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 25.92C in ACORN 2.2 and 25.96C in raw Australia max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1964 - ACORN 2.2 12.81C / CDO raw 13.38C 1965-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.59C / CDO raw 13.80C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.78C / raw warmed 0.42C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.117C / raw 0.058C 58 Australian stations 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.92C / raw 13.96C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 13.25C / raw 13.60C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding - ACORN 2.2 18.98% / raw 61.61% Post 1972 .0 C rounding - ACORN 2.2 12.58% / raw 17.25% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 12.82C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.47C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 14.07C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.11C in raw Australia min Excel spreadsheets The rounding relationship An average 60.01% of all Fahrenheit temperatures recorded at the 58 stations from 1910 to 1971 were .0 rounded numbers without a decimal, with a likely but unproven cooling influence being a greater number of observers (many farmers or post office staff rather than weather bureau employees) writing, for example, 86.7F as 86 rather than 87 because they considered it more accurate and honest. The relationships between raw maximum temperatures and their .0F/C rounding are charted below.
The relationships between raw minimum temperatures and their .0F/C rounding are charted below.
Relevant to the charts above is the fact that Australia had record rainfall and cloud cover in the 1970s, cooling any artificial influence from 1972 metrication and rounded temperatures. 1910-1919 : 451.45mm / 1920-1929 : 429.35mm / 1930-1939 : 419.22mm / 1940-1949 : 435.64mm / 1950-1959 : 466.35mm / 1960-1969 : 426.00mm / 1970-1979 : 518.65mm / 1980-1989 : 457.98mm / 1990-1999 : 477.07mm / 2000-2009 : 484.35mm / 2010-2020 : 489.06mm. Pre-1910 averages 46 of the 58 ACORN stations charted below on this page have RAW temperatures for different periods before 1910, and these are contained within data summaries below the charts. When all pre-1910 averaged years of dailies (only years with all months including at least 15 days of observation) are collectively averaged, the maximum was 25.40C. This compares with the 1910-1964 collective average at those same 46 stations of 25.41C. This suggests 0.01C warming. When all pre-1910 averaged years of dailies are collectively averaged, the minimum was 12.98C. This compares with the 1910-1964 collective average at those same 46 stations of 13.35C. The averaged minimum increased 0.37C. These averages comprise several hundred years of daily temperatures when totalled among the different locations but are in no way an accurate representation of pre-1910 averages across Australia, nor of themselves as there are widely differing timescales from one year to several decades before 1910, pre-Stevenson thermometer screens, etc. If taken at face value as indicative of pre-1910 temperatures, the warming of minima might be due to the beginning of the urban heat island effect, climatic recovery from the Little Ice Age which ended in the late 1800s, increased artificial warming of the 1910-1963 timescale, or a combination of these. As climate warming is said to have begun in the 1970s, it is unlikely to be due to carbon dioxide. Pre-1910 and 1910-1963 averages for the 46 stations can be downloaded here. It is unlikely that either the ACORN 2.2 or RAW datasets are an accurate record of true temperatures since 1910 because of undocumented and unadjusted influences such as screen and equipment changes or degradation, nearby site infrastructure, rainfall variations, urban and airport heat island warming tied to population growth, smog reduction, automatic weather station one second response times, the validity of area averaging which influences an ACORN temperature based on neighbouring stations sometimes hundreds of kilometres away, and the majority rounding of Fahrenheit temperatures before 1972. Excel files on this page can be downloaded to compare how the ACORN 2.2 algorithms influence daily, monthly and annual temperatures at all 58 sites since 1910. If downloading an Excel, note that all daily temperatures are averaged within the second spreadsheet tables as annuals in column E but the ACORN-compliant and relevant annuals are in column AX. Note that all averaged annual temperatures and rounding estimates below are calculated by this website and are not official calculations presented by the BoM. See here for more information about pre-1910 temperatures. Station menu Adelaide, Albany, Alice Springs, Bathurst, Boulia, Bourke, Bridgetown, Broome, Bundaberg, Burketown, Cairns, Cape Leeuwin, Cape Moreton, Cape Otway, Carnarvon, Charleville, Charters Towers, Cobar, Darwin, Deniliquin, Eddystone Point, Esperance, Gabo Island, Gayndah, Georgetown, Geraldton, Halls Creek, Inverell, Kalgoorlie, Katanning, Kerang, Launceston, Longreach, Low Head, Mackay, Marble Bar, Marree, Melbourne, Mildura, Miles, Moruya Heads, Normanton, Palmerville, Perth, Port Lincoln, Port Macquarie, Richmond (Qld), Robe, Sale, Snowtown, Sydney, Tennant Creek, Tibooburra, Wagga Wagga, Walgett, Wandering, Wilsons Promontory, Yamba Adelaide
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 21.57C / raw 21.83C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.95C / raw 22.25C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.38C / raw warmed 0.42C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.09C Adelaide 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 22.52C / raw 22.95C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 21.57C / raw 21.77C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.30% / raw - 21.02% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.40% / raw - 11.91% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 21.88C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.25C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 22.70C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.13C in raw Adelaide 23000 has annual max temps back to 1888: 1888-1909 = 21.87C 23000 overlap with 23090 1 February 1977 to 28 February 1979 : 23000 21.79C / 23090 21.92C ACORN catalogue: Prior to 1977, the Regional Office (023000) was located at West Terrace, on the western edge of the central city and 3.2 km west of the current site, and observations were made there, continuing until early 1979. The site was on the edge of the main Adelaide parklands and appears to have been near the top of a small slope. There were site moves in 1944, November 1951 and a small move (15 m west) in 1962. Until 1948 there were two sets of observations made at Adelaide, one using a Glaisher stand and one using a Stevenson screen. The Glaisher stand observations, which generally had higher maximum temperatures (especially in summer), were the ones publicly reported at the time but the Stevenson screen observations are the ones used in the ACORN-SAT data (and in the Bureau’s database more generally). The widely-quoted record high temperature for Adelaide of 47.6 °C, set in January 1939, was measured in a Glaisher stand; the Stevenson screen value on this day was 46.1 °C. The current site was established in 1977. An automatic weather station was installed on 26 October 1992 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 22.06C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 22.46C Adelaide max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.63C / CDO raw 11.95C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.30C / CDO raw 12.40C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.67C / raw warmed 0.45C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.07C Adelaide 2000-2020 ACORN 2.2 12.59C / raw 12.55C 1961-90 ACORN 2.2 12.10C / raw 12.40C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.22% / raw - 23.19% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.22% / raw - 11.72% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.87C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.00C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.67C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.64C in raw Adelaide 23000 has annual min temps back to 1888: 1888-1909 = 11.80C 23000 overlap with 23090 2 February 1977 to 28 February 1979 : 23000 12.76C / 23090 12.13C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 12.10C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 12.28C Adelaide min Excel spreadsheets Albany
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.59C / raw 19.79C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.14C / raw 20.35C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.55C / raw warmed 0.56C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.08C Albany 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.56C / raw 20.50C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.87C / raw 20.25C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.19% / raw - 51.31% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.17% / raw - 10.91% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.34C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.97C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.97C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.89C in raw Albany 9500 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 19.91C 9741 overlap with 9999 16 May 2012 to 24 February 2014 : 9741 20.72C / 9999 20.95C ACORN catalogue: Observations commenced at the airport site (009741) in April 1965. There were no overlapping observations at the time. However, in 2002 a site was re-established near the former town site and using its number, and the post- 2002 observations have been used to estimate suitable adjustments for the 1965 move. There has been one known move since the site has been located at the airport, 150 m to the northeast on 4 August 1992. An automatic weather station was installed at this time and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 20.14C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 20.17C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.10C / raw 11.76C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.66C / raw 10.56C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.56C / raw cooled 1.20C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.03C / raw -0.10C Albany 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.68C / raw 10.69C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 10.61C / raw 10.72C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.71% / raw - 53.86% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.65% / raw - 11.95% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.38C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.70C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 10.74C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.76C in raw Albany 9500 has annual min temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 11.12C 9741 overlap with 9999 17 May 2012 to 25 February 2014 : 9741 10.83C / 9999 10.70C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 10.50C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 10.67C Alice Springs
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 28.14C / raw 28.31C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 29.32C / raw 29.09C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.18C / raw warmed 0.78C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.22C / raw 0.11C Alice Springs 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 29.63C / raw 29.63C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 28.98C / raw 28.59C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.98% / raw - 50.52% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.10% / raw - 11.34% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.45C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.52C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 30.00C in ACORN 2.2 and 30.00C in raw Alice Springs 15540 has annual max temps back to 1879: 1879-1889 + 1891 +1893-1909 = 28.85C 15540 overlap with 15590 1 November 1941 to 31 December 1953 : 15540 28.51C / 15590 28.13C ACORN catalogue: The original site (015540) was at the Telegraph Station, 3 km north of the town. There is no known documentation of the screen type at the Telegraph Station but the observations are consistent with a Stevenson screen having been used there. The site was enclosed by a rock wall about 1 m high and painted white that would have interrupted wind flow and reflected heat. Observations moved to the Post Office on 23 January 1932. The Post Office site continued until 1953 but data after 1944 were not used in ACORN-SAT as there appear to have been changes at the Post Office site around the time that the airport site opened. Measurements have been taken at the airport (015590) since 1941. There was a site move (550 m east-northeast) in July 1974. An automatic weather station was installed on 21 March 1991 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. The site moved a few metres west on 27 May 2002. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 28.95C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 29.48C Alice Springs max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.90C / raw 13.13C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.44C / raw 13.21C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.54C / raw warmed 0.08C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw -0.02C Alice Springs 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.00C / raw 13.26C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.86C / raw 13.10C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.73% / raw - 55.40% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.77% / raw - 11.44% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 12.13C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.32C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 13.26C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.26C in raw Alice Springs 15540 has annual min temps back to 1879: 1879-1902 + 1904-1909 = 12.83C 15540 overlap with 15590 1 November 1941 to 31 December 1953 : 15540 12.46C / 15590 12.86C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 13.68C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 13.24C Alice Springs min Excel spreadsheets Bathurst
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.80C / raw 19.52C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.36C / raw 20.25C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.56C / raw warmed 0.73C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.22C Bathurst 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.12C / raw 21.13C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.73C / raw 19.46C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.42% / raw - 58.19% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.70% / raw - 21.77% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.94C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.03C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 21.32C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.34C in raw Bathurst 63005 has annual max temps back to 1909: 1909 = 18.16C ACORN catalogue: Prior to December 1971 the screen did not strictly meet specifications, having single rather than double louvred sides. The site moved 800 m in an unknown direction in July 1950, and 30 m east in November 1978. On 16 April 1996 the site moved 200 m. Parallel observations continued at the old site for two years. The new site initially took a new number (063305) before adopting the original station number (063005) at the end of the comparison; such a sequence is an unusual practice in Australia. A site operated at Bathurst Gaol (063004) from 1858 to 1983 but has not been used in ACORN-SAT. Bathurst max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 5.78C / raw 6.87C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 6.43C / raw 6.57C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.65C / raw cooled 0.30C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw -0.03C Bathurst 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 6.74C / raw 6.75C 1961-90 - v1 6.30C / ACORN 2.2 6.14C / raw 6.40C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.75% / raw - 64.95% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 15.77% / raw - 24.17% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 5.74C in ACORN 2.2 and 7.23C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 6.92C in ACORN 2.2 and 6.91C in raw Bathurst 63005 has annual min temps back to 1909: 1909 = 6.91C Bathurst min Excel spreadsheets Boulia
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 30.67C / raw 31.66C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 31.78C / raw 31.99C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.11C / raw warmed 0.33C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.02C Boulia 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.24C / raw 32.44C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 31.42C / raw 31.84C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 15.45% / raw - 48.66% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 12.54% / raw - 23.26% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 30.30C in ACORN 2.2 and 31.99C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 32.14C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.44C in raw Boulia 52026 has annual max temps back to 1889: 1889-1891 + 1897-1901 + 1905 + 1907-1909 = 31.65C ACORN catalogue: The site was originally in the town centre. A damaged screen was replaced in March 1917; there were periods of suspect maximum temperature data in the lead-up to this. Small moves took place in September 1965 and June 1970 (unconfirmed). The town site had a well-watered lawn surface, at least in its later years. The site moved to its current location at the airport in July 1999.
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 16.14C / raw 16.68C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.63C / raw 17.61C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.49C / raw warmed 0.93C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.22C / raw 0.17C Boulia 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.14C / raw 18.18C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 17.08C / raw 17.12C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.98% / raw - 45.78% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.62% / raw - 20.37% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 16.06C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.62C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 18.30C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.37C in raw Boulia 52026 has annual min temps back to 1889: 1889-1892 + 1900-1901 + 1905-1909 = 15.96C Bourke
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.07C / raw 27.49C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.52C / raw 27.60C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.45C / raw warmed 0.11C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.05C Bourke 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.21C / raw 28.34C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 27.07C / raw 27.07C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 42.50% / raw - 85.82% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.39% / raw - 25.84% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.40C in ACORN 2.2 and 27.96C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 28.47C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.68C in raw Bourke 48013 has annual max temps back to 1878: 1878-1909 = 28.62C 48013 overlap with 48239 11 November 1994 to 14 August 1996 : 48013 27.30C / 48239 27.69C 48239 overlap with 48245 15 December 1998 to 31 January 1999 : 48239 37.37C / 48245 37.23C ACORN catalogue: Observations were originally made within the Bourke township (048013). This site had trees and buildings nearby and the lawn around the screen was regularly watered. There was a small site move within the Post Office yard in May 1937, and the screen was replaced in November 1964. A site (048239) was established on the southern side of the airport near the terminal building on 11 November 1994. Observations continued there until January 1999. The current site began operations in December 1998, 700 m north of the previous airport location but with only a minimal overlap. These data are used in ACORN-SAT from 1 January 1999. 1989-1998 raw max averaged 27.33C and post AWS 2000-2009 averaged 28.27C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 12.35C / raw 12.92C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.14C / raw 13.38C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.79C / raw warmed 0.46C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.10C Bourke 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.65C / raw 13.62C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 12.65C / raw 13.18C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.38% / raw - 88.51% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 11.59% / raw - A29.36% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 12.30C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.82C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 13.95C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.82C in raw Bourke 48013 has annual min temps back to 1879: 1879-1909 = 12.67C 48013 overlap with 48239 11 November 1994 to 15 August 1996 : 48013 13.90C / 48239 12.83C 48239 overlap with 48245 16 December 1998 to 31 January 1999 : 48239 22.20C / 48245 22.07C 1989-1998 raw min averaged 13.45C and post AWS 2000-2009 averaged 13.44C Bridgetown
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 21.31C / raw 22.40C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.93C / raw 22.49C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.62C / raw warmed 0.09C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.14C / raw 0.07C Bridgetown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 22.39C / raw 22.85C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 - 21.53C / raw 22.22C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.56% / raw - 57.23% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.47% / raw - 16.97% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 21.20C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.10C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 22.56C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.67C in raw Bridgetown 9510 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 21.89C 9510 overlap with 9617 5 March 1998 to 30 August 2012 : 9510 22.95C / 9617 22.18C ACORN catalogue: There was a small move (10 m) in November 1935. The screen was replaced in January 1942 and in January 1998. An automatic weather station (009617) was installed at the showgrounds, 1.2 km northwest of the current site, in December 1997 and is expected to eventually replace the current site. 2002-2011 raw max averaged 23.13C and post AWS 2013-2018 averaged 22.42C Bridgetown max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 7.68C / raw 7.70C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.49C / raw 8.63C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.81C / raw warmed 0.93C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.09C Bridgetown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.58C / raw 8.80C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 - 8.39C / raw 8.39C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.45% / raw - 56.73% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.86% / raw - 17.37% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 7.48C in ACORN 2.2 and 7.88C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 8.89C in ACORN 2.2 and 8.89C in raw Bridgetown 9510 has annual min temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 7.28C 9510 overlap with 9617 6 March 1998 to 31 August 2012 : 9510 8.77C / 9617 8.31C 2002-2011 raw min averaged 8.84C and post AWS 2013-2018 averaged 8.82C Bridgetown min Excel spreadsheets Broome
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 31.47C / raw 32.04C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.22C / raw 32.32C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.75C / raw warmed 0.28C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.11C Broome 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.51C / raw 32.51C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 32.00C / raw 32.19C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.27% / raw - 40.37% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.13% / raw - 10.61% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 31.29C in ACORN 2.2 and 31.80C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 32.86C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.86C in raw Broome 3002 has annual max temps back to 1897: 1897-1909 = 31.98C 3002 overlap with 3003 11 August 1939 to 31 October 1953 : 3002 32.82C / 3003 32.22C ACORN catalogue: The Meteorological Office site (003003) has been operating since 1939, with no documented moves. Anecdotal reports indicate that the Meteorological Office may have been in the town in its early years but there are no clear indications of this, either in available documentation or in the data. An automatic weather station was installed on 21 July 1995, in a new screen about 10 m away from the original screen. Manual observations were continued in the original screen as a comparison until 2000 under the station number 003089. Some instruments were relocated in 2007, shortly before the commissioning of a new meteorological office building, but the screen appears to have been moved only slightly if at all. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1995, 1985-1994 raw max averaged 32.32C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 31.99C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 20.93C / raw 21.24C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.37C / raw 21.32C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.44C / raw warmed 0.08C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw 0.05C Broome 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.42C / raw 21.54C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 21.21C / raw 21.14C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.37% / raw - 45.08% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.61% / raw - 11.79% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 20.48C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.24C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 21.45C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.67C in raw Broome 3002 has annual min temps back to 1897: 1897-1909 = 21.11C 3002 overlap with 3003 11 August 1939 to 31 October 1953 : 3002 21.17C / 3003 21.03C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1995, 1985-1994 raw min averaged 21.54C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 21.24C Bundaberg
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 26.94C / raw 26.56C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.23C / raw 26.94C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.29C / raw warmed 0.38C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.03C / raw 0.08C Bundaberg 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.50C / raw 27.33C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 26.94C / raw 26.62C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.08% / raw - 48.14% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.39% / raw - 14.79% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.18C in ACORN 2.2 and 26.69C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 27.61C in ACORN 2.2 and 27.61C in raw Bundaberg 39015 has annual max temps back to 1893: 1893-1909 = 27.19C 39015 overlap with 39128 1 June 1959 to 4 January 1971 : 39015 26.28C / 39128 25.91C ACORN catalogue: The original site (039015) was located at the Post Office in the centre of town. A new screen was installed in June 1913. There was a small move into a new screen in June 1933, and a move of 50 m in July 1953. The site was enclosed, particularly in its later years, and there were bitumen surfaces in the vicinity from 1984 onwards. Observations began at the airport (039128) in July 1990. An automatic weather station was installed on 19 December 1997. The site moved on 1 July 2010 from the northern to the southern part of the airport, about 2 km south. There was also a site at the airport (also using the number 039128) between 1959 and 1970 but this has not been used in ACORN-SAT. Assuming 1997 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1987-1996 raw max averaged 26.77C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 27.12C Bundaberg max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 14.87C / raw 15.98C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 15.92C / raw 16.82C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.05C / raw warmed 0.84C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.08C Bundaberg 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 16.37C / raw 16.67C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 15.40C / raw 16.88C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.77% / raw - 52.52% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.77% / raw - 15.12% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 14.87C in ACORN 2.2 and 15.74C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 16.50C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.50C in raw Bundaberg 39015 has annual min temps back to 1893: 1893-1909 = 15.96C 39015 overlap with 39128 1 June 1959 to 5 January 1971 : 39015 16.26C / 39128 15.68C Assuming 1997 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1987-1996 raw min averaged 16.90C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 16.75C Bundaberg min Excel spreadsheets Burketown
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 32.19C / CDO raw 32.17C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.05C / CDO raw 32.96C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.86C / raw warmed 0.79C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw 0.14C Burketown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.19C / raw 33.28C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 32.82C / raw 32.94C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.48% / raw - 65.93% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.23% / raw - 21.35% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 32.34C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.00C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 33.56C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.58C in raw Burketown 29004 has annual max temps back to 1891: 1891-1901 + 1903-1909 = 31.84C 29004 overlap with 29077 16 October 2001 to 30 June 2009 : 29004 32.29C / 29077 33.23C ACORN catalogue: The current site (29077) is an automatic weather station at Burketown Airport, 2 km southwest of the town, over an area of mown but unwatered grass. The original site was at the Post Office (29004). It was located on a watered lawn within the town in its later years. The screen was replaced in May 1966. There were numerous missed observations during the 1970s. Documented site moves took place in August 1986 (50 m north) and September 1995 (25 m east-southeast). Temperature observations ceased at this site in July 2009, although rainfall and evaporation are still measured there. The current automatic weather station at the airport began observations in October 2001. The change in surface type from the Post Office (watered lawn) to the airport (natural grassland) is clearly shown in the maximum temperatures, which are substantially higher at the airport during the winter and spring (dry season). There is little difference during the wet season when the vegetation is normally green at both sites. Assuming 2001 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1991-2000 raw max averaged 32.35C and post AWS 2002-2011 averaged 33.13C Burketown max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.08C / raw 19.67C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.29C / raw 20.73C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.21C / raw warmed 1.06C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.14C / raw 0.09C Burketown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.47C / raw 20.72C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.84C / raw 20.41C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.13% / raw - 71.18% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.67% / raw - 21.67% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.18C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.81C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.59C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.66C in raw Burketown 29004 has annual min temps back to 1891: 1891-1909 = 19.73C 29004 overlap with 29077 17 October 2001 to 1 July 2009 : 29004 21.15C / 29077 20.72C Assuming 2001 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1991-2000 raw min averaged 20.90C and post AWS 2002-2011 averaged 20.70C Burketown min Excel spreadsheets Cairns
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 29.13C / raw 29.01C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 29.41C / raw 29.19C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.28C / raw warmed 0.18C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.04C / raw 0.05C Cairns 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 29.59C / raw 29.50C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 29.19C / raw 28.91C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.20% / raw - 36.38% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.48% / raw - 11.94% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 29.20C in ACORN 2.2 and 29.10C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 29.66C in ACORN 2.2 and 29.66C in raw Cairns 31010 has annual max temps back to 1890 : 1890-1899 + 1901-1904 + 1906-1909 = 28.71C 31010 overlap with 31011 22 October 1942 to 30 September 1953 : 31010 28.83C / 31011 28.76C ACORN catalogue: The original site was at the Cairns Post Office (031010), within the town area. There is a documented move in December 1929 from a relatively enclosed site to a slightly more open one. Observations continued at the Post Office until 1953. Observations have been made at the airport (031011) since 1943. In December 1992 the site moved 1.5 km northwest (to the other side of the runway). Comparisons of the data with neighbours suggest that this move had no significant effect on temperatures. An automatic weather station was installed at this time and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 29.23C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 29.25C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.79C / raw 20.23C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.83C / raw 20.90C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.04C / raw warmed 0.67C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.09C Cairns 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.10C / raw 21.10C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 20.45C / raw 20.74C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.79% / raw - 40.13% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.31% / raw - 12.01% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.71C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.25C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 21.11C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.11C in raw Cairns 31010 has annual min temps back to 1897 : 1897--1909 = 20.04C 31010 overlap with 31011 22 October 1942 to 30 September 1953 : 31010 20.09C / 31011 20.39C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 21.02C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 20.94C Cape Leeuwin
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.33C / raw 19.52C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.91C / raw 20.07C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.58C / raw warmed 0.55C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.08C Cape Leeuwin 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.24C / raw 20.24C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.66C / raw 19.89C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.18% / raw - 62.38% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.05% / raw - 26.03% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.36C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.71C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.53C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.53C in raw Cape Leeuwin 9518 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 19.97C ACORN catalogue: The site moved 250 m in October 1978. An automatic weather station was installed on 3 February 1993. It moved again to the west-northwest on 14 April 1999; the distance of the move appears to be small but increased the exposure of the site. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1993, 1983-1992 raw max averaged 20.17C and post AWS 1994-2003 averaged 20.13C Cape Leeuwin max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 13.70C / raw 13.99C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.44C / raw 14.31C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.74C / raw warmed 0.32C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw 0.07C Cape Leeuwin 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.67C / raw 14.67C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 14.17C / raw 13.99C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.19% / raw - 68.12% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.63% / raw - 27.35% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 13.78C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.10C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 14.83C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.83C in raw Cape Leeuwin 9518 has annual min temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 13.90C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1993, 1983-1992 raw min averaged 14.23C and post AWS 1994-2003 averaged 14.59C Cape Leeuwin min Excel spreadsheets Cape Moreton
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 23.53C / raw 23.19C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.81C / raw 23.56C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.28C / raw warmed 0.37C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.06C / raw 0.06C Cape Moreton 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 24.28C / raw 24.23C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 23.45C / raw 23.05C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.97% / raw - 66.21% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.57% / raw - 12.37% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 23.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.78C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 24.40C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.40C in raw ACORN catalogue: The location is mostly unchanged since observations began. A new screen was installed in April 1939. The only documented site move was a small one (less than 50 m) when an automatic weather station was installed on 3 August 1995. This move has had a large impact on rainfall but has had little impact on temperatures. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1995, 1985-1994 raw max averaged 23.19C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 23.87C Cape Moreton max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 17.53C / raw 17.80C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.46C / raw 18.46C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.93C / raw warmed 0.66C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.10C Cape Moreton 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.85C / raw 18.87C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 18.01C / raw 17.98C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 43.16% / raw - 71.82% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.81% / raw - 14.80% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 17.58C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.91C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 18.89C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.89C in raw Assuming the AWS was operational from 1995, 1985-1994 raw min averaged 18.29C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 18.80C Cape Moreton min Excel spreadsheets Cape Otway
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 16.62C / raw 16.48C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.15C / raw 17.06C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.53C / raw warmed 0.58C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.09C Cape Otway 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.46C / raw 17.29C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 16.99C / raw 16.91C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.51% / raw - 78.91% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 8.64% / raw - 32.71% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 16.79C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.65C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 17.58C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.58C in raw Cape Otway 90015 has annual max temps back to 1865 with randomly missing days: 1865-1909 = 18.67C ACORN catalogue: This site has been in the grounds of the Cape Otway lighthouse throughout its history. The screen was reported as being in poor condition, and replaced, in July 1954. There was a small site move in September 1966. The first automatic weather station was installed on 15 April 1994, but this proved unreliable and it was replaced in March 1995. 1985-1994 raw max averaged 17.05C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 16.91C Cape Otway max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.39C / raw 10.50C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.11C / raw 11.03C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.72C / raw warmed 0.53C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.08C Cape Otway 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.37C / raw 11.36C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 10.78C / raw 10.69C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 23.93% / raw - 80.41% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 28.84% / raw - 32.31% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.37C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.80C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 11.55C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.55C in raw Cape Otway 90015 has annual min temps back to 1865 with randomly missing days: 1865-1909 = 10.21C 1985-1994 raw min averaged 10.76C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 11.15C Cape Otway min Excel spreadsheets Carnarvon
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.52C / raw 26.70C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.00C / raw 27.58C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.48C / raw warmed 0.88C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.17C Carnarvon 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.28C / raw 27.99C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 27.72C / raw 27.20C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.21% / raw - 37.42% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.56% / raw - 11.56% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.62C in ACORN 2.2 and 26.76C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 28.48C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.48C in raw Carnarvon 6062 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 26.78C 6062 overlap with 6011 10 January 1945 to 31 August 1950 : 6062 26.94C / 6011 27.17C ACORN catalogue: The Meteorological Office site (006011) opened in 1945. The site moved about 800 m southeast at an unclear date; the data are consistent with it taking place around 1974. An automatic weather station was installed on 22 October 1990 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. There are indications of a possible site move around 1996–1997 but no evidence of any impact on the data. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 27.42C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 27.52C Carnarvon max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 16.24C / raw 17.14C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.12C / raw 17.24C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.88C / raw warmed 0.10C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.18C / raw 0.04C Carnarvon 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.29C / raw 17.29C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 16.90C / raw 17.17C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.04% / raw - 44.28% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.60% / raw - 11.72% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 15.71C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.13C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 17.60C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.60C in raw Carnarvon 6062 has annual min temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 16.41C 6062 overlap with 6011 10 January 1945 to 31 August 1950 : 6062 17.46C / 6011 17.37C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 17.22C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 17.14C Carnarvon min Excel spreadsheets Charleville
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.72C / raw 28.68C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.55C / raw 28.49C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.83C / raw cooled 0.19C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.14C / raw 0.04C Charleville 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 29.14C / raw 29.10C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 28.02C / raw 27.96C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.91% / raw - 42.90% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.70% / raw - 10.05% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.83C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.78C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 29.52C in ACORN 2.2 and 29.52C in raw Charleville 44022 has annual max temps back to 1890: 1890-1909 = 27.85C 44022 overlap with 44021 7 April 1942 to 30 September 1953 : 44022 28.48C / 44021 27.40C ACORN catalogue: The original site (044022) was in town, at the school. In September 1914 it moved to the Post Office. This site continued until 1953 but is not used in ACORN-SAT after 1948. Observations commenced at the Meteorological Office at the airport (044021) in 1943, although only data from January 1949 onwards have been used in ACORN-SAT. There was a move in or shortly before April 1961. In August 1990 an automatic weather station was installed, followed by a site move 150 m east on 12 September 1990. The automatic weather station became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. In October 2003 the airport site was moved about 600 m west, to its current location. Observations from the previous site continued until February 2006, under number 044221. Neighbours rather than the overlapping data are used to merge the two main Charleville sites, as the data indicate substantial changes at both sites in or near 1949, although there is no documentation of what those changes might have been for either site. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 28.33C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 28.77C Charleville max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 12.01C / raw 13.24C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.36C / raw 13.91C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.35C / raw warmed 0.71C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.25C / raw 0.09C Charleville 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.15C / raw 14.20C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 12.72C / raw 13.44C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.78% / raw - 49.91% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.30% / raw - 11.61% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.83C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.40C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 14.42C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.42C in raw Charleville 44022 has annual min temps back to 1890: 1890-1909 = 13.05C 44022 overlap with 44021 9 April 1942 to 30 September 1953 : 44022 12.97C / 44021 13.25C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 13.94C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 13.93C Charleville min Excel spreadsheets Charters Towers
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 29.58C / raw 30.07C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 30.04C / raw 30.33C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.46C / raw warmed 0.26C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.11C / raw 0.06C Charters Towers 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 30.51C / raw 30.51C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 29.62C / raw 30.11C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.52% / raw - 56.37% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 12.50% / raw - 17.37% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 29.44C in ACORN 2.2 and 29.97C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 30.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 30.77C in raw Charters Towers 34002 has annual max temps back to 1894: 1894-1909 = 30.28C ACORN catalogue: The original site (034002) was located in the town area. A new screen was installed in April 1939. Small moves took place in June 1947 (15 m south), December 1953 and April 1975 (10 m), the 1953 move taking place after a shed and incinerator were built nearby. The site closed in December 1992. The airport site opened in December 1992, with no overlap with the previous site. A new screen was installed in October 2000. Charters Towers max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 16.23C / raw 16.91C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.20C / raw 17.60C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.97C / raw warmed 0.69C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.17C / raw 0.14C Charters Towers 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.44C / raw 17.54C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 16.93C / raw 17.41C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.94% / raw - 57.82% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.60% / raw - 18.49% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 15.86C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.24C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 17.58C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.57C in raw Charters Towers 34002 has annual min temps back to 1894: 1894-1909 = 17.01C Charters Towers min Excel spreadsheets Cobar
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 24.77C / raw 25.70C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.59C / raw 25.46C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.82C / raw cooled 0.24C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.14C / raw 0.08C Cobar 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 26.25C / raw 26.24C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 25.05C / raw 25.17C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.49% / raw - 85.44% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.96% / raw - 11.38% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 24.92C in ACORN 2.2 and 25.48C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 26.49C in ACORN 2.2 and 26.49C in raw Cobar 48030 has annual max temps back to 1897: 1897-1909 = 25.22C 48030 overlap with 48027 21 May 1962 to 31 December 1965 : 48030 26.06C / 48027 24.49C ACORN catalogue: The original site (048030) was at the Post Office in town, 1.7 km southeast of the current site. There are no clearly documented moves but there is evidence that the Post Office re-opened after a period of closure in 1924, and the data are consistent with a site move at around that time. The Meteorological Office site has been operating since 21 May 1962. An automatic weather station was installed on 1 May 1997. The site moved from the south to the north side of the office on 15 November 2000 (exact distance unclear, but appears to be about 100 m). A new Meteorological Office building was opened in 2005 but the instruments appear to have remained in the same place. There is a separate site (048237) at the airport which is not used in ACORN- SAT. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1997, 1987-1996 raw min averaged 24.96C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 26.03C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 12.71C / raw 11.95C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.24C / raw 12.89C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.53C / raw warmed 0.94C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.04C / raw 0.05C Cobar 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.55C / raw 13.24C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 12.93C / raw 12.55C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.53% / raw - 85.88% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.89% / raw - 10.99% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 13.03C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.84C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 13.44C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.38C in raw Cobar 48030 has annual min temps back to 1897: 1897-1909 = 12.33C (also some slightly corrupted 1882-1890 = 11.53C) 48030 overlap with 48027 21 May 1962 to 31 December 1965 : 48030 11.57C / 48027 12.14C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1997, 1987-1996 raw min averaged 12.74C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 13.14C Darwin
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 31.05C / raw 32.09C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.16C / raw 32.25C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.11C / raw warmed 0.16C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.18C / raw 0.03C Darwin 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.50C / raw 32.50C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 31.74C / raw 32.02C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.07% / raw - 32.61% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.74% / raw - 11.31% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 30.83C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.38C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 32.68C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.68C in raw Darwin 14016 has annual max temps back to 1885: 1885-1909 = 32.97C 14016 overlap with 14015 1 February 1941 to 31 January 1942 : 14016 31.42C / 14015 30.85C ACORN catalogue: Earlier observations were made at the Post Office (014016), in the central city area. This is on a peninsula in Darwin Harbour which means that the prevailing dry-season southeasterlies have a trajectory over Darwin Harbour (whereas at the airport they are over land). The site deteriorated progressively from the mid-1930s, becoming overshadowed by trees, especially after 1937. The site (along with the remainder of the Post Office) was destroyed in the Japanese air raids of February 1942 and never rebuilt. The airport site (014015) has been operating since February 1941. An automatic weather station was installed on 1 October 1990 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. The site moved about 900 m east (along the southern edge of the airport) on 7 August 2001, with observations at the original site continuing under the station number 014040 until June 2007. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 32.11C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 32.24C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.69C / raw 23.37C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.21C / raw 23.31C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.52C / raw cooled 0.06C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw -0.03C Darwin 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.21C / raw 23.21C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 23.07C / raw 23.29C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.47% / raw - 33.85% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.25% / raw - 11.88% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.59C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.62C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 23.27C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.27C in raw Darwin 14016 has annual min temps back to 1885: 1885-1909 = 23.56C 14016 overlap with 14015 1 February 1941 to 31 January 1942 : 14016 24.20C / 14015 22.67C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 23.60C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 23.13C Deniliquin
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.49C / raw 22.80C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.15C / raw 23.18C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.66C / raw warmed 0.38C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.10C Deniliquin 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.76C / raw 23.79C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 22.72C / raw 22.80C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.89% / raw - 72.73% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.77% / raw - 10.28% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.58C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.95C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 23.98C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.97C in raw Deniliquin 74128 has annual max temps back to 1859: 1859-1861 + 1863 + 1868 + 1870-1909 = 24.81C 74128 overlap with 74258 3 June 1997 to 29 June 2003 : 74128 23.42C / 74258 23.30C ACORN catalogue: The original site (074128) was located in the town area, with the site becoming built up from about 1950 onwards. The site moved 1 km northwest in September 1971, then moved to the airport (3.7 km south) in September 1984. Temperature observations continued at this location until 2003. The site number continues to be used for rainfall observations but these are made at a different location. The current site is about 500 m south of the last position of the previous site. It has been operating since May 1997. 1992-2001 raw max averaged 22.88C and post AWS 2003-2012 averaged 23.51C Deniliquin max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 8.70C / raw 10.06C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.25C / raw 9.64C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.55C / raw cooled 0.44C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw -0.04C Deniliquin 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.56C / raw 9.64C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 8.99C / raw 9.75C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.70% / raw - 79.64% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 21.26% / raw - 12.97% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 8.84C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.12C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 9.61C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.61C in raw Deniliquin 74128 has annual min temps back to 1859: 1868 + 1875-1905 + 11907-1909 = 8.41C 74128 overlap with 74258 4 June 1997 to 30 June 2003 : 74128 9.74C / 74258 9.28C 1992-2001 raw min averaged 9.60C and post AWS 2003-2012 averaged 9.50C Deniliquin min Excel spreadsheets Eddystone Point
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 17.28C / raw 16.64C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.92C / raw 17.36C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.64C / raw warmed 0.72C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.13C Eddystone Point 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.22C / raw 18.21C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 17.67C / raw 16.76C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.77% / raw - 67.46% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 15.64% / raw - 29.23% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 17.72C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.09C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 18.34C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.34C in raw ACORN catalogue: There is little documentation on the site prior to the 1990s, but it is believed that there were no significant site moves between 1908 and 1996. An automatic weather station was installed in late 1996, with an associated site move about 70 m southeast. Parallel observations were carried out with the former site (using the station number 092115), but some observations from the new site were incorrectly recorded against the comparison number, making it impracticable to use the parallel observations to assess the impact of the move. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1996, 1986-1995 raw max averaged 17.09C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 17.88C Eddystone Point max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 9.93C / raw 9.77C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.56C / raw 10.56C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.63C / raw warmed 0.79C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.10C Eddystone Point 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.71C / raw 10.71C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 10.38C / raw 10.41C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.66% / raw - 67.62% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 23.45% / raw - 31.72% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 9.96C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.80C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 10.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.77C in raw Assuming the AWS was operational from 1996, 1986-1995 raw min averaged 10.37C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 10.60C Eddystone Point min Excel spreadsheets Esperance
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 21.04C / raw 21.20C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.65C / raw 21.90C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.61C / raw warmed 0.70C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.14C Esperance 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 22.08C / raw 22.08C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 21.34C / raw 21.75C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.93% / raw - 48.99% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.41% / raw - 11.16% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 21.18C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.92C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 22.36C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.36C in raw Esperance 9541 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 20.57C There is no 9541 overlap with 9789 ACORN catalogue: The Meteorological Office site (009789) opened in 1969, with no useful overlap with the previous site. It has not moved. An automatic weather station was installed in April 1996 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. There are indications that vegetation was removed near the site in late 1998 or 1999. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 21.74C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 21.80C Esperance max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.99C / raw 11.46C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.05C / raw 12.08C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.06C / raw warmed 0.64C
Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.10C Esperance 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.32C / raw 12.33C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.79C / raw 11.90C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.28% / raw - 54.68% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.28% / raw - 12.96% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.00C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.52C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.55C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.55C in raw Esperance 9541 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 10.73C There is no 9541 overlap with 9789 1986-1995 raw min averaged 11.94C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 12.08C Esperance max Excel spreadsheets Gabo Island
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 17.99C / raw 17.37C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.18C / raw 18.21C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.19C / raw warmed 0.84C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.02C / raw 0.17C Gabo Island 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.58C / raw 18.79C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 17.99C / raw 17.75C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.97% / raw - 84.29% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.76% / raw - 17.33% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 18.54C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.23C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 18.74C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.89C in raw ACORN catalogue: The site has been in the general vicinity of the island’s lighthouse throughout its history. New screens were installed in September 1927 and July 1961. On 13 March 1981 the site was moved away from the lighthouse buildings. The automatic weather station was installed in August 2000 but only used for wind observations until August 2007. 1997-2006 raw max averaged 18.59C and post AWS 2008-2017 averaged 18.84C Gabo Island max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.67C / raw 12.26C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.38C / raw 12.53C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.71C / raw warmed 0.27C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.03C Gabo Island 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.69C / raw 12.69C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 12.11C / raw 12.50C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 21.03% / raw - 84.52% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.55% / raw - 20.81% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 12.04C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.48C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.80C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.80C in raw 1997-2006 raw min averaged 12.59C and post AWS 2008-2017 averaged 12.73C Gabo Island min Excel spreadsheets Gayndah
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.72C / raw 28.05C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.31C / raw 28.47C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.59C / raw warmed 0.42C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.03C Gayndah 2000-2017 - ACORN 2.2 28.85C / raw 28.95C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 27.72C / raw 28.03C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.12% / raw - 49.47% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.36% / raw - 14.72% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 28.13C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.55C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 29.07C in ACORN 2.2 and 29.07C in raw Gayndah 39039 has annual max temps back to 1894: 1894-1909 = 28.08C 39039 overlap with 39066 28 January 2003 to 30 June 2009 : 39039 28.91C / 39066 28.67C ACORN catalogue: The original site (039039) was on a block next to the Post Office in the main town area, about 10 m from the main street. There are no documented moves at the site but overhanging trees were a problem at times. New screens were supplied in October 1945 and June 1999. This site closed in July 2009. The current site, about 1.2 km northeast of the previous site, has been operating since January 2003. Assuming the AWS was operational from 2003, 1993-2002 raw max averaged 28.64C and post AWS 2004-2013 averaged 28.61C Gayndah max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 13.30C / raw 13.14C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.32C / raw 14.44C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.02C / raw warmed 1.30C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw 0.16C Gayndah 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.48C / raw 14.51C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 14.00C / raw 14.19C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.10% / raw - 51.53% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.58% / raw - 15.90% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 13.44C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.86C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 14.50C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.50C in raw Gayndah 39039 has annual min temps back to 1894: 1894-1909 = 12.93C 39039 overlap with 39066 29 January 2003 to 1 July 2009 : 39039 14.69C / 39066 14.45C Assuming the AWS was operational from 2003, 1993-2002 raw min averaged 14.50C and post AWS 2004-2013 averaged 14.43C Gayndah min Excel spreadsheets Georgetown
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 32.17C / raw 32.37C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.64C / raw 33.01C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.47C / raw warmed 0.64C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.11C / raw 0.09C Georgetown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.91C / raw 33.00C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 32.37C / raw 32.85C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.59% / raw - 73.02% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.29% / raw - 21.10% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 31.86C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.02C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 33.05C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.05C in raw Georgetown 30018 has annual max temps back to 1909: 1909 = 32.58C 30018 overlap with 30124 1 June 2004 to 9 October 2007 : 30018 33.40C / 30124 32.44C ACORN catalogue: The original site (030018) was in the town area. A new screen was supplied in November 1922. There are no documented moves; however, there were numerous changes in site condition over the years as the site became overgrown at times. This was a particular problem in the early 1960s and at one point vines were reported as growing through the screen; much data from this period has been flagged as suspect. These issues ceased with the appointment of a new observer in 1965. The current site began operating in May 2004. The old site continued until 2007 but deteriorated rapidly in its last years due to encroaching trees, so the overlapping data were not used in merging the two sites. 1994-2003 raw max averaged 33.48C and post AWS 2005-2014 averaged 32.70C Georgetown max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 17.57C / raw 18.11C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.27C / raw 18.92C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.70C / raw warmed 0.81C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.09C Georgetown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.61C / raw 19.06C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 17.89C / raw 18.50C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.01% / raw - 81.77% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.67% / raw - 20.22% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 18.06C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.27C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 19.13C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.13C in raw Georgetown 30018 has annual min temps back to 1894: 1894-1909 = 18.26C 30018 overlap with 30124 2 June 2004 to 10 October 2007 : 30018 18.41C / 30124 18.73C 1994-2003 raw min averaged 19.13C and post AWS 2005-2014 averaged 19.03C Georgetown min Excel spreadsheets Geraldton
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 25.11C / raw 25.11C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.93C / raw 26.17C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.82C / raw warmed 1.06C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.19C / raw 0.22C Geraldton 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 26.62C / raw 26.59C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 25.36C / raw 25.89C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.30% / raw - 35.65% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.53% / raw - 11.37% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 25.08C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.73C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 27.03C in ACORN 2.2 and 26.97C in raw Geraldton 8050 has annual max temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 24.87C 8050 overlap with 8051 24 August 1941 to 31 October 1953 : 8050 24.85C / 8051 25.54C 8051 overlap with 8315 20 July 2011 to 19 June 2014 : 8051 27.13C / 8315 27.37C ACORN catalogue: The original site (008050) was in the town area near the coast, with a small move in 1927. Observations at this location continued until 1953 but it was not used in ACORN-SAT after 1942. Rainfall observations continue to be made under this site number, but at a different location to that used for the pre-1942 temperature observation. Observations from the airport site commenced in 1941. An automatic weather station was installed at the site on 20 June 1990 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. A new site (008315) opened approximately 1 km to the south in July 2011 and is expected to become the main Geraldton site after completion of a comparison period. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 25.77C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 26.13C Geraldton max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 13.04C / raw 14.33C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.60C / raw 13.65C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.56C / raw cooled 0.68C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.11C / raw -0.10C Geraldton 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.77C / raw 13.77C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 13.45C / raw 13.59C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.31% / raw - 39.13% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.07% / raw - 12.18% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 12.72C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.75C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 13.91C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.88C in raw Geraldton 8050 has annual min temps back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 14.27C 8050 overlap with 8051 23 August 1941 to 31 October 1953 : 8050 14.42C / 8051 13.45C 8051 overlap with 8315 21 July 2011 to 20 June 2014 : 8051 14.07C / 8315 14.17C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 13.57C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 13.74C Geraldton min Excel spreadsheets Halls Creek
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 32.37C / raw 33.57C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.16C / raw 33.60C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.79C / raw warmed 0.03C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.18C / raw 0.01C Halls Creek 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.51C / raw 33.72C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 32.82C / raw 33.55C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.41% / raw - 44.26% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.62% / raw - 11.56% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 31.95C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.67C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 33.88C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.93C in raw Halls Creek 2011 has annual max temps back to 1898: 1898-1900 + 1902-1908 = 33.37C 2011 overlap with 2012 19 January 1946 to 31 May 1952 : 2011 34.17C / 2012 34.06C ACORN catalogue: The first site (002011) was located in the old Halls Creek township (the town itself was moved in the 1950s). Observations continued at this location until 1952. Observations resumed briefly in the late 1960s and early 1970s but these were not used in ACORN-SAT. The original Meteorological Office site opened in 1944, 11 km west- northwest of the previous site. Maximum and minimum temperatures were archived only from November 1949 onwards. In about 1967, there was a site move of about 650 m west-northwest. The current site is an automatic weather station installed in a new screen about 10 m from the old screen on 25 August 1996. Parallel manual observations continued in the old screen until 2001 under the site number 002071. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1996, 1986-1995 raw max averaged 33.84C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 33.49C Halls Creek max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 18.97C / raw 18.34C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.84C / raw 20.12C ACORN 2.2 cooled 0.13C / raw warmed 1.78C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.04C / raw 0.24C Halls Creek 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.83C / raw 20.02C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 18.74C / raw 19.99C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.52% / raw - 48.53% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.32% / raw - 11.90% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 18.46C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.65C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 18.82C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.89C in raw Halls Creek 2011 has annual min temps back to 1899: 1899-1900 + 1903-1909 = 17.68C 2011 overlap with 2012 19 January 1946 to 31 May 1952 : 2011 18.61C / 2012 19.62C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1996, 1986-1995 raw min averaged 20.78C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 20.12C Halls Creek min Excel spreadsheets Inverell
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 23.22C / raw 23.83C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.81C / raw 23.98C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.59C / raw warmed 0.15C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.14C / raw 0.10C Inverell 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 24.38C / raw 24.38C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 23.36C / raw 23.84C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.21% / raw - 80.74% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.97% / raw - 12.51% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 23.23C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.60C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 24.72C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.72C in raw Inverell 56017 has annual max temps back to 1875: 1875-1876 + 1879-1884 + 1886-1909 = 22.87C 56017 overlap with 56242 1 March 1995 to 25 November 1997 : 56017 23.07C / 56242 22.94C ACORN catalogue: The original site (056017) was within the Post Office grounds. Louvres on the screen were repaired in July 1940. Site diagrams indicate that a new building was built just to the south at some point between 1944 and 1950; data and comments on file suggest 1949. There was a move of a few metres (into a more enclosed location) within the Post Office grounds on 7 July 1961. On 20 September 1967 it moved about 100 m southwest to a more open location near the library on the northeast bank of the river. The current site (056242) has been operating at its present location since 1 March 1995. The Inverell town is located in a valley which is well-suited for cold air drainage. Another site (056018) operates at a research farm on a ridge approximately 2 km west of the town. That site has minimum temperatures which are consistently warmer than the town, especially in winter when typical differences are 3–4°C. Inverell max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 6.45C / raw 7.48C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 7.75C / raw 7.77C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.30C / raw warmed 0.29C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.20C / raw 0.08C Inverell 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.07C / raw 7.80C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 7.33C / raw 7.79C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.50% / raw - 80.83% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 11.11% / raw - 17.39% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 6.42C in ACORN 2.2 and 7.47C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 8.36C in ACORN 2.2 and 8.23C in raw Inverell 56017 has annual max temps back to 1875: 1875-1876 + 1880 + 1882-1884 + 1886-1909 = 7.71C 56017 overlap with 56242 1 March 1995 to 26 November 1997 : 56017 7.06C / 56242 6.24C Inverell min Excel spreadsheets Kalgoorlie
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 24.59C / raw 25.54C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.09C / raw 25.45C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.50C / raw cooled 0.09C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.00C Kalgoorlie 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.62C / raw 25.85C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 24.81C / raw 25.23C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding v1 - ACORN 2.2 - 17.86% / raw - 38.39% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.15% / raw - 11.55% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 24.39C in ACORN 2.2 and 25.91C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 25.95C in ACORN 2.2 and 25.95C in raw Kalgoorlie 12039 max extends back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 24.91C 12039 overlap with 12038 1 Jan 1943 to 13 Oct 1953 : 12039 25.14C 12038 24.96C ACORN catalogue: Observations were made at the Post Office (012039), about 4 km north- northeast of the current site until 1953. This site moved approximately 90 m in December 1936. The Meteorological Office site (012038) has been operating since 1939. An automatic weather station was installed on 12 August 1992 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. The office moved 300 m to the south on 7 September 1993; it is unclear whether the instruments also moved although the data suggest that any move had no significant impact on observations. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 25.06C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 25.52C Kalgoorlie max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.56C / raw 11.96C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.32C / raw 11.98C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.76C / raw warmed 0.02C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.04C Kalgoorlie 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.39C / raw 12.36C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 12.23C / raw 11.66C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.45% / raw - 38.38% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.88% / raw - 11.41% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.32C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.15C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.57C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.57C in raw Kalgoorlie 12039 min extends back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 11.30C 12039 overlap with 12038 1 Jan 1943 to 13 Oct 1953 : 12039 12.09C 12038 11.14C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 11.75C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 12.04C Kalgoorlie min Excel spreadsheets Katanning
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 21.55C / raw 21.99C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 22.12C / raw 22.33C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.57C / raw warmed 0.34C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.09C / raw 0.08C Katanning 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 22.52C / raw 22.66C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 21.75C / raw 22.07C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.16% / raw - 59.04% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 27.63% / raw - 20.21% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 21.80C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.97C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 22.68C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.71C in raw Katanning 10579 raw max extends back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 22.08C 10579 and 10916 overlap 8 Jan 1999 to 30 Aug 2012 : 10579 22.58C 10916 22.33C ACORN catalogue: There are documented site moves in July 1987 (100 m north), January 1952 (200 m) and December 1942 (10 m north). A new screen was installed on 11 February 1980. An automatic weather station (010916) has been operating since December 1998 about 5 km east of the town, and is expected to eventually replace the existing site. 2002-2011 raw max averaged 22.67C and post AWS 2013-2018 averaged 22.52C Katanning max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 8.43C / raw 9.37C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.43C / raw 9.49C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.00C / raw warmed 0.12C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.02C Katanning 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.55C / raw 9.49C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 9.26C / raw 9.53C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.86% / raw - 61.80% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 27.36% / raw - 27.57% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 8.13C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.44C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 9.79C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.78C in raw Katanning 10579 raw min extends back to 1907: 1907-1909 = 8.72C 10579 and 10916 overlap 9 Jan 1999 to 31 Aug 2012 : 10579 9.32C 10916 9.45C 2002-2011 raw min averaged 9.31C and post AWS 2013-2018 averaged 9.76C Katanning min Excel spreadsheets Kerang
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.46C / raw 22.82C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.10C / raw 23.11C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.64C / raw warmed 0.29C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.12C Kerang 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.78C / raw 23.79C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 22.61C / raw 22.64C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.30% / raw - 57.86% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.34% / raw - 16.52% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.49C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.73C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 23.98C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.98C in raw ACORN catalogue: The site has been within the township since it was established. It moved in August 1932, June 1956 and June 1957; the latter placed it in a yard within a built-up area which was cluttered from time to time. The screen was noted as being incorrectly oriented in November 1945 and again in February 1968. The site moved 1 km north to its current location on 18 January 2000.
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 8.57C / raw 9.11C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.50C / raw 9.77C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.93C / raw warmed 0.66C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.08C Kerang 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.84C / raw 9.84C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 9.26C / raw 9.70C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.35% / raw - 53.92% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 12.88% / raw - 16.86% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 8.50C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.35C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 10.09C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.09C in raw Launceston
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 17.01C / raw 17.86C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.56C / raw 17.33C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.55C / raw cooled 0.53C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw -0.02C Launceston 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.88C / raw 17.82C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 17.31C / raw 16.99C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.64% / raw - 34.68% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.97% / raw - 11.96% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 17.00C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.43C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 17.98C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.12C in raw Launceston 91049 has annual max temps back to 1901: 1901-1902 + 1904-1909 17.78C 91049 overlap with 91104 1 April 1939 to 30 December 1959 : 91049 18.18C / 91104 16.61C 91104 overlaps with 91311 29 July 2004 to 16 June 2009 : 91104 17.59C / 91311 18.27C ACORN catalogue: The original site (091049) was at several locations around the centre of Launceston. There was a site move in December 1929 and further site moves on 29 March 1941, 29 September 1942 and 26 February 1948. Temperature observations continued at this location until 1959 but they were not used in ACORN-SAT after 1947. The first airport site (091104) was close to the terminal building and operated from 1939. It moved at some point in 1968–1969 to a location on the western side of the runway and north of the terminal. An automatic weather station was installed at this location on 19 May 1992 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. The site continued until June 2009. The current site (091311) began operating at its current location 1.4 km southeast of the previous site on 12 July 2004. The airport is 160 m higher in elevation than the town, and is also further from the ocean. This results in markedly lower temperatures than those in the town, especially overnight. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 17.05C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 17.43C Launceston max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 5.14C / raw 6.98C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 6.02C / raw 6.26C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.88C / raw cooled 0.74C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.11C / raw -0.13C Launceston 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 6.29C / raw 6.29C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 5.73C / raw 6.32C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.29% / raw - 40.79% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.19% / raw - 12.88% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 5.23C in ACORN 2.2 and 7.56C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 6.29C in ACORN 2.2 and 6.29C in raw Launceston 91049 has annual min temps back to 1898: 1898 + 1902 + 1906-1909 6.20C 91049 overlap with 91104 1 April 1939 to 31 December 1959 : 91049 6.68C / 91104 5.95C 91104 overlaps with 91311 30 July 2004 to 17 June 2009 : 91104 6.39C / 91311 6.28C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 6.34C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 6.09C Launceston min Excel spreadsheets Longreach
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 31.40C / raw 31.26C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 31.49C / raw 31.54C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.09C / raw warmed 0.28C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.05C / raw 0.10C Longreach 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 31.96C / raw 31.96C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 31.11C / raw 31.21C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.85% / raw - 64.41% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.07% / raw - 12.23% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 31.41C in ACORN 2.2 and 30.90C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 32.24C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.24C in raw Longreach 36030 has annual max temps back to 1897: 1897-1901 + 1904-1907 + 1909 = 31.58C 36030 overlap with 36031 1 March 1966 to 30 May 1973 : 36030 31.34C / 36031 30.99C ACORN catalogue: The first observations were made at the Post Office (036030). There were no documented moves at this site. New screens were installed in October 1911 and November 1924, and building works were reported in the vicinity in September 1949. This site continued until 1973 but was not used in ACORN-SAT beyond 1969. The Meteorological Office (036031) has been in operation since 1966. An automatic weather station and a new screen were installed in May 1996, with manual observations continuing for a year under the site number 036167. 1987-1996 raw max averaged 31.41C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 31.86C Longreach max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 14.66C / raw 15.43C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 15.90C / raw 15.98C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.24C / raw warmed 0.55C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.20C / raw 0.13C Longreach 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 16.58C / raw 16.32C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 15.19C / raw 15.70C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.40% / raw - 69.85% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.33% / raw - 13.12% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 14.59C in ACORN 2.2 and 15.09C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 16.75C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.62C in raw Longreach 36030 has annual min temps back to 1897: 1897-1901 + 1906-1909 = 15.15C 36030 overlap with 36031 2 March 1966 to 27 April 1973 : 36030 16.08C / 36031 15.19C 1987-1996 raw min averaged 16.19C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 16.19C Longreach min Excel spreadsheets Low Head
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 15.80C / raw 15.74C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 16.38C / raw 16.87C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.58C / raw warmed 1.13C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.09C / raw 0.10C Low Head 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 16.66C / raw 16.66C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 16.18C / raw 16.90C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.67% / raw - 65.03% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.17% / raw - 24.54% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 15.94C in ACORN 2.2 and 15.82C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 16.75C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.75C in raw Low Head 91057 has annual max temps back to 1895: 1895-1899 + 1901-1909 = 15.61C 91057 overlap with 91293 8 January 1998 to 5 December 2001 : 91057 17.58C / 91293 16.65C ACORN catalogue: The original site (091057) was in the grounds of the Low Head lighthouse, which is on a small hill south of the headland. Prior to June 1937 the screen did not strictly meet Stevenson screen specifications, and was painted brown for a time around 1933, a period when the standard of observations was poor for a few years. Comparison of documentation from 1933 and 1940 indicate either a site move or new buildings during that time, with the latter being more likely. The site moved by 8 m in April 1949. At some point between 1968 and 1986 a gravel driveway was built in close proximity to the screen (the data suggest this occurred in about 1970). The site moved by 25 m on 15 August 1988. The automatic weather station (091293) began operating on 8 January 1998 at a site 200 m north of the previous location. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1998, 1988-1997 raw max averaged 17.12C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 16.59C Low Head max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 9.90C / raw 9.49C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.29C / raw 10.07C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.39C / raw warmed 0.58C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.11C Low Head 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.59C / raw 10.59C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 10.11C / raw 9.71C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 15.95% / raw - 63.08% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.10% / raw - 28.10% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.02C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.62C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 10.68C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.68C in raw Low Head 91057 has annual min temps back to 1895: 1895-1899 + 1901-1909 = 8.58C 91057 overlap with 91293 9 January 1998 to 12 December 2001 : 91057 10.07C / 91293 10.61C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1998, 1988-1997 raw min averaged 9.85C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 10.46C Low Head min Excel spreadsheets Mackay
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 25.45C / raw 26.92C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 26.44C / raw 26.57C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.99C / raw cooled 0.35C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.04C Mackay 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 26.97C / raw 26.97C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 25.92C / raw 26.43C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.65% / raw - 43.56% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.46% / raw - 11.45% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 25.48C in ACORN 2.2 and 26.60C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 27.12C in ACORN 2.2 and 27.13C in raw Mackay 33046 has annual max temps back to 1908: 1908-1909 = 26.67C 33046 overlap with 33047 1 January 1908 to 30 April 1950 : 33046 26.78C / 33047 28.00C 33047 overlap with 33119 25 September 1959 to 4 June 2012 : 33047 27.60 / 33119 26.41C ACORN catalogue: The earlier part of the Mackay dataset uses data from the Post Office (033046). This site had a temporary move due to building in late 1922, and further moves in 1939 and 1941, the latter placing it in a rather enclosed location. The Post Office site closed in 1950. Data from the Te Kowai Experimental Station (033047) located 5 km west of the town were used between 1948 and 1965. This is a small but apparently good-quality subset of the full record from this site. The Meteorological Office site (033119) commenced observations in 1959, and no known site moves have taken place. An automatic weather station was installed in October 1995, although manual observations continued until 2001 under the site number 033297. Because of its greater proximity to the coast and its hilltop location, the Meteorological Office has substantially lower maximum temperatures, and higher minimum temperatures (especially in winter) than any of the other sites that have existed historically in the Mackay area. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1995, 1985-1994 raw max averaged 26.49C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 26.80C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 18.03C / raw 17.66C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.00C / raw 19.21C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.97C / raw warmed 1.55C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.19C / raw 0.17C Mackay 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.49C / raw 19.49C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 18.45C / raw 18.47C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.15% / raw - 51.71% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.99% / raw - 11.72% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 17.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.96C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 19.60C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.60C in raw Mackay 33046 has annual min temps back to 1890: 1890-1909 = 17.73C 33046 overlap with 33047 1 January 1908 to 30 April 1950 : 33046 18.23C / 33047 16.45C 33047 overlap with 33119 25 September 1959 to 5 June 2012 : 33047 16.57 / 33119 19.04C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1995, 1985-1994 raw min averaged 19.22C and post AWS 1996-2005 averaged 19.35C Marble Bar
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 34.80C / raw 35.46C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 35.17C / raw 35.24C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.37C / raw cooled 0.22C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.03C Marble Bar 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 35.55C / raw 35.55C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 35.03C / raw 35.03C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.35% / raw - 64.14% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.54% / raw - 16.38% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 34.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 35.69C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 35.96C in ACORN 2.2 and 35.96C in raw Marble Bar 4020 raw max extends back to 1903: 1903-1909 = 35.18C 4020 overlap with 4106 26 September 2000 to 22 August 2006 : 4020 35.21C / 4106 34.98C ACORN catalogue: The station has been located in or near the settlement of Marble Bar throughout its history. There is documentation from November 1944 of a proposed move but no firm documentation that it was carried out, although the data suggest that it was. The minimum thermometer was reported to have been reading low in January 1965 and was replaced. The site moved in May 1967 (small), on 1 August 1984 (500 m east), on 19 July 1988 (1 km east) and on 2 October 1997 (300 m southwest). The automatic weather station opened in September 2000, with instruments in the same screen as the former manual site (004020). The manual site continued until 2006 but was only used in ACORN-SAT until the end of 2002 because of deteriorating data quality after that. Assuming the AWS was operational from 2000, 1990-1999 raw max averaged 35.50C and post AWS 2001-2010 averaged 35.40C Marble Bar max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.15C / raw 19.73C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.67C / raw 20.34C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.52C / raw warmed 0.61C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.11C / raw 0.04C Marble Bar 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.05C / raw 20.40C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.16C / raw 20.02C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.60% / raw - 73.98% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.11% / raw - 16.54% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.29C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.02C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.41C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.41C in raw Marble Bar 4020 raw min extends back to 1902: 1902 + 1904-1909 = 19.39C 4020 overlap with 4106 27 September 2000 to 23 August 2006 : 4020 20.14C / 4106 19.90C Assuming the AWS was operational from 2000, 1990-1999 raw min averaged 20.95C and post AWS 2001-2010 averaged 20.38C Marble Bar min Excel spreadsheets Marree
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.51C / raw 27.53C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.48C / raw 29.12C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.97C / raw warmed 1.59C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.18C / raw 0.20C Marree 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 29.21C / raw 29.39C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 27.91C / raw 28.85C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.85% / raw - 64.94% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.63% / raw - 9.59% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.48C in ACORN 2.2 and 27.36C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 29.46C in ACORN 2.2 and 29.48C in raw Marree 17024 has annual max temps back to 1908: 1908-1909 = 26.26C 17126 overlap with 17031 24 July 1998 to 8 January 2015 : 17126 28.95C / 17031 29.72C ACORN catalogue: The first observations were made at Farina (017024), about 50 km to the south. Little documentation is available about the Farina site. The Marree site opened in 1939. There were issues with the enclosed nature of the site in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as with reports of metal sheets and motor vehicles near the screen. This improved in April 1993 when a shed to the west was demolished, a tree was removed and gravel was removed from around the screen area. An automatic weather station (017126) has been operating since July 1998 at Marree Airport, about 1 km southeast of the town. This is expected to eventually replace the current site. Assuming the AWS was operational from 1998, 1988-1997 raw max averaged 28.96C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 29.54C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 13.05C / raw 12.53C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.67C / raw 13.61C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.62C / raw warmed 1.09C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.16C Marree 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 13.99C / raw 13.99C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 13.35C / raw 13.18C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.01% / raw - 68.58% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.55% / raw - 9.16% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 13.18C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.29C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 13.88C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.88C in raw Marree 17024 has annual min temps back to 1908: 1908-1909 = 11.19C 17126 overlap with 17031 24 July 1998 to 9 January 2015 : 17126 13.90C / 17031 14.15C Assuming the AWS was operational from 1998, 1988-1997 raw min averaged 13.69C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 14.07C Melbourne
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.13C / raw 19.75C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.83C / raw 20.34C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.70C / raw warmed 0.59C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.13C Melbourne 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.34C / raw 20.91C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.53C / raw 19.96C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.99% / raw - 23.20% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.77% / raw - 11.07% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.24C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.61C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.47C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.79C in raw Melbourne 86071 has annual max temps back to 1856: 1856-1909 = 19.56C 86071 overlap with 86338 1 June 2013 to 5 January 2015 : 86071 20.84C / 86338 20.09C ACORN catalogue: The site has been in its current location, on the northeastern edge of the junction of Victoria and La Trobe streets, since January 1908. There were strong rises in minimum temperature through the late 1950s and 1960s, possibly associated with increasing levels of road traffic (the lack of further increases after 1970 may indicate that by then the traffic was at saturation level from the viewpoint of its effect on the observations). An automatic weather station has been in place since August 1986 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. A large apartment building was built across the street to the south of the site in 1996–1997, which coincides with a discernible rise in minimum temperatures. Earlier observations were made at the old Melbourne Observatory (in the Domain south of the Yarra River) from 1863 to 1907, and in a number of locations in the vicinity of Flagstaff Hill prior to 1863. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 20.00C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 20.83C Melbourne max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.32C / raw 9.96C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.33C / raw 11.39C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.01C / raw warmed 1.43C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.17C Melbourne 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.57C / raw 11.83C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.15C / raw 10.99C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.86% / raw - 26.58% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.15% / raw - 11.37% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.15C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.20C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 11.71C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.85C in raw Melbourne 86071 has annual min temps back to 1856: 1856-1909 = 9.57C 86071 overlap with 86338 2 June 2013 to 6 January 2015 : 86071 11.79C / 86338 11.48C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 11.19C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 11.66C Melbourne min Excel spreadsheets Mildura
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 24.35C / raw 24.00C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 24.54C / raw 24.09C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.19C / raw warmed 0.09C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.09C Mildura 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.03C / raw 24.84C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 24.30C / raw 23.67C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.46% / raw - 65.19% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.27% / raw - 11.82% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 24.35C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.26C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 25.20C in ACORN 2.2 and 25.17C in raw Mildura 76077 has annual max temps back to 1890: 1890-1892 + 1895-1898 + 1900-1906 + 1909 = 25.35C 76077 overlap with 76031 26 August 1948 to 30 December 1949 : 76077 23.75C / 76031 23.34C ACORN catalogue: The original site (076077) was within the Mildura town area. It moved in August 1927. After this move the screen was oriented northeast, but it was realigned to face south in July 1933. There was a small site move in March 1943. Temperature observations continued until 1949. Observations have been made at the airport site (076031) since 1946. Site moves took place on 11 August 1992 (from the aerodrome apron to the Meteorological Office) and in July 1989 (only a small move). The automatic weather station was installed on 1 October 1989, and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. There was rapid development of irrigated agriculture in the Mildura region in the period between the two World Wars, and this appears to be associated with an anomalous cooling trend in maximum temperature at Mildura over this period (amounting to 0.3–0.4°C over 30 years). The non-ACORN-SAT site of Griffith, which has a similar history of irrigation development, shows a similar trend. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 23.67C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 24.33C Mildura max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.17C / raw 10.47C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.53C / raw 10.44C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.36C / raw cooled 0.03C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.05C Mildura 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 10.87C / raw 10.62C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 10.28C / raw 10.39C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.66% / raw - 67.99% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.41% / raw - 12.93% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.24C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.26C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 10.93C in ACORN 2.2 and 10.77C in raw Mildura 76077 has annual min temps back to 1890: 1890 + 1892-1909 = 9.97C 76077 overlap with 76031 26 August 1948 to 31 December 1949 : 76077 9.94C / 76031 9.55C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 10.23C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 10.30C Mildura min Excel spreadsheets Miles
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.06C / raw 27.18C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.45C / raw 27.36C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.39C / raw warmed 0.18C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.05C / raw 0.06C Miles 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.09C / raw 28.02C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 26.90C / raw 26.74C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.43% / raw - 60.80% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.84% / raw - 12.57% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.36C in ACORN 2.2 and 27.31C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 28.15C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.15C in raw 42023 overlap with 42112 10 July 1997 to 14 March 2005 : 42023 28.09C / 42112 27.81C ACORN catalogue: The former site (042023) was located in the town. The screen was reported in September 1929 as having numerous missing louvres. It became somewhat overgrown from about 1990 onwards, but continued to measure temperatures until 2005. Rainfall continues to be measured at this site. The current site has been operating since July 1997, about 300 m west- northwest of the previous site. 1995-2004 raw max averaged 27.81C and post AWS 2006-2015 averaged 27.67C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.35C / raw 11.94C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.63C / raw 12.64C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.28C / raw warmed 0.70C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.05C Miles 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.92C / raw 12.93C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 12.25C / raw 12.27C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.73% / raw - 65.43% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 21.96% / raw - 13.64% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.21C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.39C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.85C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.85C in raw 42023 overlap with 42112 11 July 1997 to 15 March 2005 : 42023 13.02C / 42112 13.03C 1995-2004 raw min averaged 12.88C and post AWS 2006-2015 averaged 12.85C Moruya Heads
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 20.00C / raw 19.79C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.44C / raw 20.43C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.44C / raw warmed 0.64C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.08C Moruya Heads 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.80C / raw 20.80C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 20.25C / raw 20.13C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 22.80% / raw - 64.52% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 22.07% / raw - 22.07% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 20.14C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.02C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.84C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.84C in raw ACORN catalogue: The site has been in the Pilot Station grounds since at least the start of ACORN-SAT in 1910. The only documented move was ’a few feet‘ south, in October 1966. An automatic weather station was installed at Moruya Airport (069148) in 1999. While the airport site (which is on flat ground on the other side of the Moruya River) is less than 2 km inland, under certain conditions the temperature differences between Moruya Airport and Moruya Heads can be dramatic due to the role the coastal ridge can play in blocking marine air from penetrating further inland. Minimum temperature differences of 5 °C or more between the sites on cold nights in the cooler months are a regular occurrence. Due to these large climatic differences it is unlikely the airport site will supersede the current Moruya Heads site in the foreseeable future. 1989-1998 raw max averaged 20.12C and post AWS 2000-2009 averaged 20.79C Moruya Heads max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.68C / raw 11.18C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.69C / raw 11.69C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.01C / raw warmed 0.51C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.10C Moruya Heads 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.13C / raw 12.13C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.26C / raw 11.27C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 25.85% / raw - 64.90% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.53% / raw - 19.53% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.59C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.21C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.24C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.24C in raw 1989-1998 raw min averaged 11.64C and post AWS 2000-2009 averaged 12.02C Moruya Heads min Excel spreadsheets Normanton
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 32.98C / raw 33.42C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.48C / raw 33.51C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.50C / raw warmed 0.09C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.09C / raw -0.01C Normanton 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.66C / raw 33.65C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 33.33C / raw 33.49C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.66% / raw - 75.39% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.79% / raw - 12.28% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 32.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.81C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 33.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.76C in raw 29041 overlap with 29063 10 April 2001 to 30 July 2001 : 29041 31.30C / 29063 31.41C ACORN catalogue: The original site was in the town (029063). Screens which had been in poor condition were replaced in May 1917 and November 1940. The only documented move in this site took place in October 1956 (45 m southwest). In its later years, there was a watered lawn and trees and a car park nearby. The current site replaced the previous site in 2001; there are only three months of overlapping data, insufficient to be used in adjustment. Assuming the AWS was operational from 2001, 1991-2000 averaged 33.40C and post AWS 2002-2011 averaged 33.49C Normanton max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 21.08C / raw 21.08C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.72C / raw 21.83C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.64C / raw warmed 0.75C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.09C / raw 0.09C Normanton 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.80C / raw 21.84C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 21.55C / raw 21.61C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.68% / raw - 80.91% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.84% / raw - 15.27% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 21.05C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.99C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 21.91C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.91C in raw 29041 overlap with 29063 11 April 2001 to 31 July 2001 : 29041 17.87C / 29063 17.38C Assuming the AWS was operational from 2001, 1991-2000 averaged 22.17C and post AWS 2002-2011 averaged 21.69C Normanton min Excel spreadsheets Palmerville
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 32.77C / raw 32.68C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.90C / raw 32.98C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.13C / raw warmed 0.30C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.04C / raw 0.09C Palmerville 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.19C / raw 33.19C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 32.74C / raw 32.78C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 21.97% / raw - 67.52% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.68% / raw - 44.43% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 32.85C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.36C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 33.40C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.40C in raw Palmerville 28004 has max temps back to 1896 : 1896-1901 + 1903-1905 = 32.84C ACORN catalogue: There are no clearly documented moves at the original manual site although the screen was replaced on a number of occasions (October 1926, July 1988 and September 1994). The same observer performed observations for 63 years from 1936 to 1999, and was the area’s sole remaining resident during the later part of that period. Observations did not resume until the automatic station was commissioned. The automatic weather station was installed in mid-2000, 160 m south-east of the former site, but did not begin transmitting data until July 2001. 1991-2000 averaged 33.14C and post AWS 2002-2011 averaged 32.95C (five years missing pre and two years missing post 2001 so not very accurate) Palmerville max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 17.19C / raw 19.04C 1964-20188 - ACORN 2.2 18.58C / raw 19.37C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.39C / raw warmed 0.33C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.24C / raw 0.01C Palmerville 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.10C / raw 19.10C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 17.98C / raw 19.45C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.99% / raw - 67.82% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.34% / raw - 42.45% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 16.77C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.10C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 19.06C in ACORN 2.2 and 19.06C in raw Palmerville 28004 has min temps back to 1896 : 1896-1901 + 1903-1905 = 18.54C 1991-2000 averaged 19.51C and post AWS 2002-2011 averaged 19.14C (five years missing pre and two years missing post 2001 so not very accurate) Palmerville min Excel spreadsheets Perth
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 23.91C / raw 23.19C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 24.93C / raw 24.76C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.02C / raw warmed 1.57C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.22C / raw 0.29C Perth 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 25.36C / raw 25.36C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 24.54C / raw 24.19C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.05% / raw - 26.66% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.16% / raw - 10.51% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 23.45C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.75C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 25.58C in ACORN 2.2 and 25.58C in raw Perth 9021 raw max extends back to 1897: 1897-1909 = 22.73C 9034 overlap with 9021 3 June 1944 to 29 April 1992 : 9034 23.64C / 9021 24.14C ACORN catalogue: The airport site (009021) opened in 1944. ACORN-SAT uses Perth Regional Office until 1944 and utilises the overlap period between 1944 and 1962 to merge this into the Airport data. Regional Office data after a site move in 1963 were not used for ACORN-SAT. The airport site moved about 1.5 km to the south-southeast on 3 March 1988. An automatic weather station was installed on 20 June 1994 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. The site move 1.7 km to the north on 27 October 1997; observations continued at the old site under station number 009250 until 2001. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 24.29C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 25.11C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.24C / raw 13.01C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.01C / raw 12.39C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.77C / raw cooled 0.62C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.18C / raw -0.03C Perth 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.36C / raw 12.36C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.70C / raw 12.42C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.35% / raw - 33.33% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.42% / raw - 11.53% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.83C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.96C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.74C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.74C in raw Perth 9021 raw min extends back to 1897: 1897-1909 = 12.74C 9034 overlap with 9021 3 June 1944 to 30 April 1992 : 9034 13.58C / 9021 11.95C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 12.64C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 12.22C Port Lincoln
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 20.10C / raw 20.56C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.85C / raw 21.15C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.75C / raw warmed 0.59C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.12C / raw 0.04C Port Lincoln 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 21.49C / raw 21.48C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 20.40C / raw 20.91C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.02% / raw - 74.01% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.80% / raw - 14.36% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 20.48C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.28C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 21.72C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.72C in raw Port Lincoln 18070 has max temps back to 1892 : 1892-1909 = 20.55C ACORN catalogue: The original site (018070) was in the town centre. In its later years this site was quite built-up, with buildings, a fence and a concrete surface in the vicinity. There were numerous small moves in its history, with documented moves in October 1924, December 1941, July 1962, February 1975 and October 1986 (40 m east). It closed in March 2002. The current site has been operating since 1992. Port Lincoln max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.88C / raw 11.66C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.41C / raw 11.63C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.53C / raw cooled 0.03C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.02C / raw 0.00C Port Lincoln 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.37C / raw 11.37C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.46C / raw 12.03C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.62% / raw - 75.32% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.83% / raw - 15.11% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.17C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.34C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 11.34C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.34C in raw Port Lincoln 18070 has min temps back to 1892 : 1892-1909 = 10.76C Port Lincoln min Excel spreadsheets Port Macquarie
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.68C / raw 21.95C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.49C / raw 23.07C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.81C / raw warmed 1.12C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.21C Port Macquarie 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.97C / raw 23.97C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 22.96C / raw 22.22C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 20.29% / raw - 66.93% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 11.72% / raw - 22.31% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.69C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.12C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 24.23C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.23C in raw 60026 overlap with 60139 25 July 1995 to 26 October 2003 : 60026 22.71 / 60139 23.41C ACORN catalogue: The original site (060026) was located near the Pilot Station, close to the ocean on the eastern edge of the town centre. There was a move 90 m seaward (the exact direction is unclear) in January 1939, and a move 18 m to the southwest on 4 September 1968. On 6 October 1983, the site moved about 1 km south to a location in suburban Hill Street, about 1.5 km south of the city centre and approximately 700 m inland from the ocean. This location was less exposed to the ocean than this distance suggests because it was in a local hollow, and a ridge separated it from the beach. Temperature observations there ceased in October 2003. The site number 060026 continues to be used for rainfall observations but these are in a different location to the pre-2003 temperature observations. The current site (060139) is located on the southeast side of the airport runway. It began operations in 1995 but has only been used in the ACORN- SAT dataset from January 2000 because of some issues with its early data. 1990-1999 raw averaged 22.78C and post AWS 2001-2010 averaged 23.77C Port Macquarie max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.27C / raw 12.72C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.82C / raw 13.26C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.55C / raw warmed 0.54C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.21C / raw -0.02C Port Macquarie 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.36C / raw 12.70C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.17C / raw 13.45C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.27% / raw - 70.38% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.72% / raw - 22.77% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.54C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.04C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.71C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.91C in raw 60026 overlap with 60139 26 July 1995 to 27 October 2003 : 60026 14.00C / 60139 12.60C 1990-1999 raw averaged 13.89C and post AWS 2001-2010 averaged 12.51C Port Macquarie min Excel spreadsheets Richmond (Qld)
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 32.85C / raw 32.61C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.02C / raw 33.09C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.17C / raw warmed 0.48C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.10C / raw 0.03C Richmond 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 33.51C / raw 33.28C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 32.65C / raw 32.83C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.17% / raw - 59.58% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.56% / raw - 20.58% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 32.65C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.19C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 33.79C in ACORN 2.2 and 33.66C in raw Richmond 30045 has annual max temps back to 1893: 1893-1909 = 32.93C ACORN catalogue: The only known station move was one of 30 m in September 1965. New screens were known to have been supplied in December 1928 and September 1991; the screen in use in September 1944 was reported to have had an iron roof. An automatic weather station (030161) was installed at the airport, approximately 4 km north of the town, in 1998 and may eventually replace the existing site. Richmond max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 15.09C / raw 16.40C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 16.68C / raw 17.32C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.59C / raw warmed 0.92C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.25C / raw 0.19C Richmond 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.12C / raw 17.75C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 16.04C / raw 16.72C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.23% / raw - 64.95% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.71% / raw - 20.07% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 14.80C in ACORN 2.2 and 15.98C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 17.38C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.92C in raw Richmond 30045 has annual min temps back to 1893: 1893-1909 = 16.17C Richmond min Excel spreadsheets Robe
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 18.08C / raw 17.91C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.35C / raw 18.54C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.27C / raw warmed 0.63C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.04C / raw 0.08C Robe 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 18.59C / raw 18.59C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 18.17C / raw 18.55C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.03% / raw - 58.69% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 12.22% / raw - 19.81% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 18.28C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.90C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 18.66C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.66C in raw Robe 26026 has annual max temps back to 1885: 1885-1909 = 17.89C ACORN catalogue: There were issues with the screen door for some years prior to repairs in 1930. There was a very small move (3 m) in October 1943, and documentation also suggests a small move at some point in the decade prior to 1956 but there is no clear evidence of its nature or timing. There was a move 200 m east in November 1968 An automatic weather station (026105) was installed at Robe Airport, 5 km east-southeast of the town, in 2003. It is at an inland location quite different climatically from the town site, so is not expected to be a direct replacement for the town site. Assuming 2003 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1993-2002 raw max averaged 18.36C and post AWS 2004-2013 averaged 18.62C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.71C / raw 10.82C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.29C / raw 11.21C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.58C / raw warmed 0.39C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.05C / raw 0.04C Robe 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.32C / raw 11.32C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.18C / raw 11.06C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 32.00% / raw - 64.92% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.81% / raw - 18.94% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.88C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.01C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 11.30C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.29C in raw Robe 26026 has annual min temps back to 1885: 1885-1909 = 10.49C Assuming 2003 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1993-2002 raw min averaged 11.35C and post AWS 2004-2013 averaged 11.42C Sale
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 19.43C / raw 19.65C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 19.88C / raw 19.91C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.45C / raw warmed 0.26C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.04C Sale 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.37C / raw 20.36C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 19.55C / raw 19.59C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.11% / raw - 49.86% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.35% / raw - 11.20% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 19.61C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.02C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.46C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.45C in raw Sale 85133 has annual max temps back to 1892: 1892-1909 = 20.69C ACORN catalogue: This site (85072) is an automatic weather station, on flat open ground on the southern edge of the East Sale RAAF base, about 8 km east of the town. A concrete path leads to the screen area but otherwise the ground surface is short unwatered grass, with a small shed about 25 m to the southeast and a bitumen road 20 m to the south. The automatic weather station has been operating in its present location since 11 June 1996. The previous site was 900 m north of the current site. It continued making observations as a comparison until 2005 under the station number 85298. There is no clear documentation of any moves at the RAAF base site prior to 1996. Prior to the opening of the Meteorological Office at the RAAF base in 1945, observations were made in the Sale township (85133). There was no overlap between the two sites. The town site was somewhat warmer than the airport site for both maximum and minimum temperature. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 19.56C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 20.17C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 7.43C / raw 8.27C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.11C / raw 8.26C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.68C / raw cooled 0.01C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.00C Sale 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.38C / raw 8.37C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 7.90C / raw 8.20C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.78% / raw - 51.70% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.22% / raw - 11.87% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 7.39C in ACORN 2.2 and 8.66C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 8.65C in ACORN 2.2 and 8.66C in raw Sale 85133 has annual min temps back to 1892: 1892-1909 = 8.44C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 8.53C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 7.94C Snowtown
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.72C / raw 23.27C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.64C / raw 23.82C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.92C / raw warmed 0.55C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.15C / raw 0.10C Snowtown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 24.24C / raw 24.25C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 23.15C / raw 23.50C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.98% / raw - 78.10% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.32% / raw - 21.86% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.79C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.36C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 24.37C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.37C in raw Snowtown 21046 has annual max temps for 1909 = 21.72C 21046 overlap with 21133 23 July 1998 to 29 June 2001 : 21046 24.41C / 21133 23.97C ACORN catalogue: The former site (021046), which continued until June 2001, was located in the town. Small moves within the town are documented in April 1948, July 1971 and on 4 August 1993 (15 m). The current site has been operating since 1998. 1988-1997 raw max averaged 23.65C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 24.15C Snowtown max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 7.80C / raw 9.53C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.49C / raw 9.50C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.67C / raw cooled 0.03C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.06C / raw -0.09C Snowtown 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.73C / raw 8.97C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 8.29C / raw 9.87C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.02% / raw - 83.24% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.68% / raw - 20.95% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 8.22C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.92C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 8.88C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.03C in raw Snowtown 21046 has annual min temps for 1909 = 8.50C 21046 overlap with 21133 24 July 1998 to 30 June 2001 : 21046 10.42C / 21133 9.03C 1988-1997 raw min averaged 9.96C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 8.87C Snowtown min Excel spreadsheets Sydney
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.65C / raw 21.70C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.25C / raw 22.56C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.60C / raw warmed 0.86C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.06C / raw 0.17C Sydney 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.55C / raw 23.14C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 23.08C / raw 22.15C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.43% / raw - 26.41% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.54% / raw - 10.29% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 23.04C in ACORN 2.2 and 21.60C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 23.70C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.41C in raw Sydney 66062 has annual max temps back to 1859: 1859-1909 = 20.98C ACORN catalogue: Originally the site was in the main Observatory grounds. It moved about 100 m south to its current location in 1917. The earlier site was a more exposed location on a hilltop and had lower maximum and higher minimum temperatures than the current location. An automatic weather station was installed at the current site on 8 August 1990. The area is heavily built-up and has been since at least the late 19th century. An analysis of minimum temperature trends in the ACORN- SAT data showed no evidence of an abnormal warming trend relative to non- urban sites in the region, indicating that any urban influence on the data was already fully developed by the time ACORN-SAT begins in 1910. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 20.12C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 20.14C Assuming AWS became operational in 1990, 1980-1989 raw max averaged 22.29C and post AWS 1991-2000 averaged 22.31C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 14.04C / raw 13.59C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.57C / raw 14.51C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.53C / raw warmed 0.92C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.14C Sydney 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.83C / raw 14.85C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 14.34C / raw 14.22C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.63% / raw - 28.10% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.29% / raw - 10.77% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 14.22C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.64C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 14.92C in ACORN 2.2 and 14.97C in raw Sydney 66062 has annual min temps back to 1859: 1859-1909 = 13.37C Assuming AWS became operational in 1990, 1980-1989 raw min averaged 14.47C and post AWS 1991-2000 averaged 14.36C Tennant Creek
1911-1965 - ACORN 2.2 31.42C / raw 32.18C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.13C / raw 32.00C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.71C / raw cooled 0.18C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.17C / raw 0.07C Tennant Creek 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 32.53C / raw 32.21C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 31.80C / raw 31.87C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.38% / raw - 61.79% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.08% / raw - 11.78% The first decade, 1911-1920, averaged 30.98C in ACORN 2.2 and 31.67C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 32.88C in ACORN 2.2 and 32.66C in raw 15087 overlap with 15135 27 July 1969 to 31 October 1970 : 15087 32.36C / 15135 32.04C ACORN catalogue: The original site (015087) was based in the town. There was a major move (12 km south) in June 1935 and a smaller move of about 20 m in November 1963. This later site was quite close to a road. New screens were installed to replace damaged ones in May 1945 and November 1958. Observations ceased in 1970. This airport site has been operating since 1969. An automatic weather station was installed on 8 July 1990 and has been the primary instrument since 1 November 1996. There are no known substantial moves at this location. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 32.27C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 31.81C Tennant Creek max Excel spreadsheets
1911-1965 - ACORN 2.2 20.34C / raw 18.75C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.81C / raw 19.79C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.47C / raw warmed 1.04C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.14C Tennant Creek 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 20.82C / raw 19.98C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 20.65C / raw 19.42C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.16% / raw - 64.64% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.61% / raw - 11.81% The first decade, 1911-1920, averaged 19.99C in ACORN 2.2 and 18.56C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 20.74C in ACORN 2.2 and 20.13C in raw 15087 overlap with 15135 25 July 1969 to 31 October 1970 : 15087 18.56C / 15135 18.91C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 20.43C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 19.90C Tennant Creek min Excel spreadsheets Tibooburra
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 27.14C / raw 27.30C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.65C / raw 27.68C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.51C / raw warmed 0.38C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.12C Tibooburra 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 28.38C / raw 28.35C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 27.16C / raw 27.16C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.38% / raw - 91.22% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.98% / raw - 11.89% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 27.01C in ACORN 2.2 and 27.10C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 28.53C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.53C in raw 46037 overlap with 46126 23 September 1997 to 8 January 2015 : 46037 28.22C / 46126 28.09C ACORN catalogue: The site has had a number of moves over time. There is evidence of a move in November 1944 and a small move in 1960. A 500 m move to the southwest occurred in August 1980, and there is evidence of a move of a few metres some time between 1981 and 1984. There were moves of a few metres in September 1994 and of 15 m to the south in July 1996, to place the screen away from areas of bluestone landscaping and concrete, although neither move has had a significant impact on the observations. Minimum temperatures at Tibooburra suffered from persistent problems (most likely instrument faults) in the 1940s and most 1941–1949 minimum temperature data have not been used. An automatic weather station (046126) has been operating at Tibooburra Airport, about 5 km to the east, since September 1997. This may eventually supersede the existing manual site. Tibooburra max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 13.58C / raw 13.45C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 14.48C / raw 14.47C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.90C / raw warmed 1.02C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.09C / raw 0.10C Tibooburra 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 15.02C / raw 15.02C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 14.04C / raw 13.98C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.32% / raw - 89.83% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.46% / raw - 15.04% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 14.11C in ACORN 2.2 and 13.96C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 15.13C in ACORN 2.2 and 15.10C in raw 46037 overlap with 46126 24 September 1997 to 9 January 2015 : 46037 14.95C / 46126 15.00C Tibooburra min Excel spreadsheets Wagga Wagga
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.18C / raw 22.66C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 22.62C / raw 22.49C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.44C / raw cooled 0.17C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.08C / raw 0.00C Wagga Wagga 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.23C / raw 23.22C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 22.18C / raw 21.97C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.75% / raw - 57.04% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 9.67% / raw - 11.33% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.45C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.21C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 23.24C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.24C in raw Wagga Wagga 72151 has annual max temps back to 1872 : 1872-1873 + 1880-1884 + 1886-1906 + 1908-1909 = 24.22C 72151 overlap with 72150 17 January 1942 to 31 December 1950 : 72151 22.60C / 72150 21.60C ACORN catalogue: The original site (072151) was in the Wagga Wagga town area. It was initially at the Post Office but moved to police station grounds in July 1925. There was a further move in April 1928. The screen was initially facing east before being reoriented in October 1933. Temperatures were observed at this location until 1953. Rainfall observations continued under the same site number until 1984 but moved to a different location in the suburb of Kooringal, southeast of the town centre. The airport site (072150) started operating in 1943. A grain shed to the northeast, built in 1969 and removed in 1999, cast shadows over the site after sunrise in mid-winter. The automatic weather station was installed on 21 October 1994 and became the primary instrument on 1 November 1996. 1986-1995 raw max averaged 21.98C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 23.02C Wagga Wagga max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 7.49C / raw 9.38C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.88C / raw 9.10C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.39C / raw cooled 0.28C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.20C / raw 0.04C Wagga Wagga 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 9.46C / raw 9.47C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 8.36C / raw 8.86C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.37% / raw - 65.47% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.44% / raw - 12.63% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 7.71C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.24C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 9.66C in ACORN 2.2 and 9.66C in raw Wagga Wagga 72151 has annual min temps back to 1872: 1872-1876 + 1879-1884 + 1886-1900 + 1902-1909 = 8.53C 72151 overlap with 72150 18 January 1942 to 31 December 1950 : 72151 9.8C / 72150 9.40C 1986-1995 raw min averaged 8.99C and post AWS 1997-2006 averaged 9.08C Wagga Wagga min Excel spreadsheets Walgett
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 26.43C / raw 26.93C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.07C / raw 27.45C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.64C / raw warmed 0.52C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.13C / raw 0.14C Walgett 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 27.98C / raw 28.06C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 26.39C / raw 27.10C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.32% / raw - 82.07% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.12% / raw - 28.94% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 26.82C in ACORN 2.2 and 26.72C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 28.33C in ACORN 2.2 and 28.33C in raw Walgett 52026 has annual max temps back to 1879: 1879-1880 + 1884 + 1886 + 1888-1902 + 1904-1906 + 1908-1909 = 26.41C 52026 overlap with 52088 1 June 1993 to 30 June 1993 : 52026 18.30C / 52088 17.78C ACORN catalogue: The original site (052026) was located within the town area. There may have been a small move in August 1960 when the screen was replaced. There are documented moves in November 1962 and October 1971, the latter putting it near the shire offices where it remained until closing in 1993. The airport site (052088) began operations on 2 June 1993, with no useful overlap with the town site. There was a site move to the other side of the airport on 21 May 1997 when the automatic weather station was installed. Assuming 1997 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1987-1996 raw max averaged 27.06C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 27.77C Walgett max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 10.04C / raw 12.30C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.23C / raw 12.50C ACORN 2.2 warmed 1.19C / raw warmed 0.20C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw -0.02C Walgett 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 11.73C / raw 12.06C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 10.70C / raw 12.88C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.54% / raw - 82.97% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 8.83% / raw - 28.85% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 10.31C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.43C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.09C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.31C in raw Walgett 52026 has annual min temps back to 1879: 1879-1880 + 1884 + 1885-1906 + 1908-1909 = 12.33C 52026 overlap with 52088 1 June 1993 to 30 June 1993 : 52026 6.02C / 52088 4.95C (but 52026 19 days and 52088 30 days) Assuming 1997 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1987-1996 raw min averaged 12.77C and post AWS 1998-2007 averaged 11.91C Walgett min Excel spreadsheets Wandering
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 22.42C / raw 22.86C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.11C / raw 23.52C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.69C / raw warmed 0.66C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.16C / raw 0.10C Wandering 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.65C / raw 23.84C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 22.63C / raw 23.16C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.78% / raw - 67.21% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 10.14% / raw - 18.17% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 22.35C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.98C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 23.96C in ACORN 2.2 and 23.96C in raw Wandering 10648 raw max extends back to 1902: 1902-1909 = 22.71C 10648 overlap with 10917 14 December 1998 to 30 January 2003 : 10648 23.95C / 10917 23.67C ACORN catalogue: The original site (010648) had moves in July 1987 (20 m, to achieve better exposure after trees had grown around the site) and in November 1988. It continued to operate until 2003. An automatic weather station (010917) was installed in 1998 about 1 km north of the original site. 1988-1997 raw max averaged 23.43C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 23.64C Wandering max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 7.70C / raw 8.27C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.29C / raw 8.75C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.59C / raw warmed 0.48C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.11C / raw 0.04C Wandering 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 8.51C / raw 8.60C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 8.03C / raw 8.70C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.53% / raw - 65.81% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 16.67% / raw - 14.81% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 7.62C in ACORN 2.2 and 8.35C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 8.85C in ACORN 2.2 and 8.85C in raw Wandering 10648 raw min extends back to 1902: 1902-1909 = 7.48C 10648 overlap with 10917 15 December 1998 to 31 January 2003 : 10648 9.17C / 10917 8.43C 1988-1997 raw min averaged 9.11C and post AWS 1999-2008 averaged 8.59C Wandering min Excel spreadsheets Wilsons Promontory
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 16.25C / raw 16.01C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 16.74C / raw 16.58C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.49C / raw warmed 0.57C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.09C / raw 0.11C Wilsons Promontory 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 17.07C / raw 17.06C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 16.54C / raw 16.29C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 17.06% / raw - 79.99% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.59% / raw - 20.97% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 16.39C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.14C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 17.25C in ACORN 2.2 and 17.25C in raw ACORN catalogue: This site has been located at the Wilsons Promontory lighthouse throughout its history, with no documented moves during the ACORN-SAT period. Bushfires affected the area in February 1951; the instrument enclosure was not directly affected but observations stopped for several months while staff housing was rebuilt. The screen was blown down in a June 1959 storm and had to be replaced. An automatic weather station was installed on 18 September 2000. Another bushfire in April 2005 also had no direct impact on the enclosure. Assuming 2000 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1990-1999 raw max averaged 16.25C and post AWS 2001-2010 averaged 16.92C Wilsons Promontory max Excel spreadsheets
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 11.72C / raw 11.30C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.15C / raw 11.96C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.43C / raw warmed 0.66C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.06C / raw 0.09C Wilsons Promontory 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 12.36C / raw 12.35C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 11.96C / raw 11.63C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 21.55% / raw - 82.84% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 14.25% / raw - 22.46% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 11.90C in ACORN 2.2 and 11.59C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 12.44C in ACORN 2.2 and 12.44C in raw Assuming 2000 was when AWS readings were adopted, 1990-1999 raw min averaged 11.73C and post AWS 2001-2010 averaged 12.25C Wilsons Promontory min Excel spreadsheets Yamba
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 23.50C / raw 22.87C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 23.92C / raw 23.50C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.42C / raw warmed 0.63C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.06C / raw 0.15C Yamba 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 24.27C / raw 24.06C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 23.56C / raw 22.98C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 19.72% / raw - 80.16% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 8.96% / raw - 14.85% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 23.69C in ACORN 2.2 and 22.79C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 24.34C in ACORN 2.2 and 24.34C in raw ACORN catalogue: The site has been on the headland throughout its history. A site move, probably of less than 50 m, took place on 22 November 1943 to opposite side of Pilot Station building. There was another move at some point between 1975 and 1980, probably of only a few metres. The current site was established on 16 October 2007, with the screen only 1.5 m from the screen for the previous site. 1997-2006 raw max averaged 23.63C and post AWS 2008-2017 averaged 24.18C
1910-1965 - ACORN 2.2 15.13C / raw 15.19C 1966-2020 - ACORN 2.2 15.68C / raw 15.66C ACORN 2.2 warmed 0.55C / raw warmed 0.47C Average change per decade : ACORN 2.2 0.07C / raw 0.04C Yamba 2000-2020 - ACORN 2.2 15.97C / raw 15.94C 1961-90 - ACORN 2.2 15.38C / raw 15.37C Pre 1972 .0 F rounding ACORN 2.2 - 18.61% / raw - 82.81% Post 1972 .0 C rounding ACORN 2.2 - 15.01% / raw - 19.10% The first decade, 1910-1919, averaged 15.42C in ACORN 2.2 and 15.72C in raw The final decade, 2011-2020, averaged 16.15C in ACORN 2.2 and 16.15C in raw 1997-2006 raw min averaged 15.75C and post AWS 2008-2017 averaged 16.07C Climate researcher Ken Stewart has analysed how temperature trends in different Australian regions vary from 0.1C per decade to 0.3C per decade from 1910 to 2020.
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